Study On Preparing Financial Plans For The Company Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2193 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The business plan consists of a narrative and several financial worksheets. The real value of creating a business plan is not in having the finished product in hand; rather, the value lies in the process of researching and thinking about your business in a systematic way. The act of planning helps you to think things through thoroughly, study and research if you are not sure of the facts, and look at your ideas critically. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Preparing Financial Plans For The Company Finance Essay" essay for you Create order It takes time now, but avoids costly, perhaps disastrous, mistakes later. In this case the cash and carry company Bailey Wholesale owned by 4 young directors for last 20 years. The company is not listed on the stock exchange. Two of the directors work in the company, one as a Chief Executive and other as Chief Financial Officer, the other 2 are not employed in the company. Currently the company owns the branches in UK mainly in Midlands. In the next 4 years the company wishes to open more branches in UK and Mumbai. Cash inflow means the money which business is generating from its operation. Normally cash is coming in from receipts from sales, increase in bank loan; proceed of share issue and asset disposal. If customers dont pay at time of purchase, some of your cash flow is coming from collections of accounts receivable. From the company cash inflow forecasts it is clear that company is generating money from its operations. The figures gradually increasing from 2011 to 2014 to meet its liabilities. If more money is coming in than is going out, you are in a positive cash flow situation and you have enough to pay your bills. If more cash is going out than coming in, you are in danger of being overdrawn, and you will need to find money to cover your overdrafts. This is why new businesses typically need working capital, in the form of a loan or line of credit, to cover shortages in cash flow. The problem we can see from this forecast cash flow statement is that company total outflow is greater than total inflow. SHORT FALL The actual return will be less than the expected return, or, more properly, the return needed to meet ones investment goals. The cash flow needs constant monitoring and planning to make sure you always have enough ready cash to meet your costs on time. Unless your cash flow is managed effectively and any shortfalls anticipated in advance, even profitable businesses can find themselves in serious financial difficulties. Although business is generating money but that money is not enough to meet its liabilities. As we can see from above forecast graph the company shortfall is increasing and in 2014 the shortfall rises up to 7 million. CONCLUSION: As shown in graph, there will be deficit during the years. The total outflow (XXIII) is greater than total inflow (XXII). Solution to the above can be in terms of higher retained profit, by reducing dividend rate or additional debt funding. Since return on capital (XXVI) is higher than cost of debt funding (XXVIII), retaining profit with reduced dividend rate will be the good option. TASK II The company is intending a significant investment in net asset in the next 4 years. Explain how the company could calculate its cost of capital and then use this figures to determine whether the investment will increase shareholder wealth. The cost of capital is defined as the rate of return that providers of capital demand to compensate them for both the risk and time value of their money. The cost of capital is specific to each particular type of capital a company uses. At the highest level these are the cost of equity and the cost of debt, but each class of shares, each class of debt securities, and each loan will have its own cost. It is possible to combine these to produce a single number for a companies cost of capital, the WACC. Cost of equity The cost equity, often referred to as the required rate of return on equity, is most commonly estimated using capital asset pricing model. It is also implicitly estimated when using valuation ratios, as differences in the cost of equity is a key component of differences in the ratings at which different companies and sectors trade. A company may have several classes of shares, in which case each will have its own required rate of return. Their weighted average is the cost of equity. Cost of debt The cost of debt can be estimated in a similar manner to equities. It is also common to compare yield spreads with other similar securities, which roughly corresponds to the use of valuation ratios for equities. Estimating the cost of capital for unlisted debt is more difficult. It is also an important problem because most companies, including almost all listed companies, have significant amounts of unlisted debt. One approach is to estimate the cost of the debt by comparing it to the yield on the most similar listed debt. If necessary rates can be adjusted for term and riskiness. If the debt has been recently issued or is repayable on demand it is reasonable to assume that it is worth close to its book value, and therefore the cost of debt is simply the nominal interest rate. The same applies if the debt pays a floating interest rate and there has been no significant change in its riskiness since it was borrowed. INVESTMENT ASSESMENT TOOLS: Following are four basic tools which are in practice throughout the world Accounting rate of return (ARR): calculated by dividing average profit by average investment as a percentage. It is often used internally because it can measure the performance of the project and help in selecting the project. It is rarely used by the investors because this based on numbers that includes non cash items and it does not take into account the time value of money. Payback period (PP): is the time taken to recover the initial investment. Net present value (NPV): is the difference between the sum of the discounted cash flow which are expected from the investment and the amount which is initially invested. NPV is used to calculate the value an investment will result in. If NPV is positive the project should be undertaken. Internal rate of return (IRR): is the rate of return that makes the sum of present value of future cash flows and the final market value of an investment equal its curr ent market value. The cost of capital (XXIX) is greater than % cost of debt funding (XXVIII). The total investment require during the next 4 years is As company is intend to open more branches in UK and Mumbai. The investment during the next four years is 45 million (10m+10m+10m+15m). DEBT FUNDING PLAN The total debt funding planned for next 4 years is The total debt funding planned to open new branches is 18 million (4m+4m+4m+6m). The percentage of long term debt to net asset is 40%. ADDITIONAL RETURN: The total additional return require to open new branches is The total additional return of business from its operation is 16million (1m+3m+4m+8m) and percentage of additional return on additional investment is 35.56%. SHAREHOLDER WEALTH: Recently investors are showing increase interest in share holder values. The most popular measure for value-based is Economic Value Added (EVA). The theory of Economic Value Added suggested that companys aim should be to maximize the wealth of its shareholders because they expect a good return on their investment. Proponents for EVA regard this concept as an important management tool without highlighting its drawbacks. On the other hand, very little criticism has come about that has dealt with the problems of EVA, and the criticism that has come about has kept to fairly insignificant details (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p. 1). The basic concept of EVA is that a companys shareholders must get the return that compensates the risk taken i.e if the value of EVA is 0, shareholders should be happy. The calculation of EVA will give the same results as Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) or Net Present Value (NPV), both of which are considered as best analysis tools for determining shareholder value. They include time value of money, cost of equity and are protected from common accounting distortions; however, they are solely based on cash flows and hence cant be used for performance evaluation (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p. 3). EVA as a Performance Measure: The firm should have a positive NPV to attract shareholders i-e the projects internal rate of return should be higher than the cost of capital. The internal rate of return cannot be estimated by practical performance measuring and thus some other tool should be used to estimate the rate of return to capital (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p.5). Although the ROR is some form of ROI; however, the problem is that no accounting rate of return can produce an accurate estimate of the underlying true rate of return (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p. 5). These accounting errors also have an effect on EVA like other performance measuring tools, however it is still widely used for this purpose because in addition to measuring performance this help the management and employees to understand the cost of equity capital (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p. 12) EVA vs. Traditional Performance Measures Conceptually, EVA is superior to all other performance measures because it realizes the cost of capital and, hence, the riskiness of a firms operations (Lehn Makhija 1996, p. 34). Additionally, EVA has been developed so that maximization of shareholder value can have a target set to it. Traditional measures such as IRR and ROI do not work in the same way as EVA. The maximization of any accounting rate or accounting profit will inevitably lead to undesirable outcome. NPV vs. IRR Both are performance measuring tool for a business but the main difference is that NPV is the cash valve where as IRR is the percentage return on the capital. Hence NPV is a tool for investors to predict the return on their capital and IRR does the same for the business manager. NPV is a good tool to access the returns on long term investment where as IRR is better in accessing the short term projects. Return On Equity (ROE) ROE suffers from the same shortcomings as ROI as it does not include risk and hence there is no comparison. Simply increasing leverage can increase ROE causing a more severe shortcoming than ROI because the company cannot tell if shareholder wealth is being created or destroyed by the level of ROE. Earnings per Share (EPS) Simply investing more capital into the company raises EPS. If additional capital is cash flow, the EPS will rise if the rate of return on the invested capital is positive. If the additional capital is debt then the EPS will rise if the rate of return of the invested capital is just above the cost of debt (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p. 18). However, invested capital is usually a mix of debt and equity (cash flow) and the EPS will rise only if the rate of return on the invested capital is somewhere in between the cost of debt zero. Therefore, EPS is not a good determinant of corporate performance and remains a common bonus base (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p. 18). CONCLUSION Since the cost of debt funding is less than the cost of capital, investment with debt funding will improve shareholders wealth. TASK III Calling upon finance theory critically appraise the companys policy on long term borrowing. In your answer make clear what factors the company should consider in order to decide whether 40% gearing is either a safe or optimal level of long term borrowing. Gearing refers to the relationship between long term borrowings to owners equity. In simple terms it tell us what proportion of long term finance came from loans and what from share holder. Its a sign of firm exposure to financial risk. This shows how much the company owes (debt) compared to its size (equity) and is calculated by dividing total borrowings (current and long term) by net assets and is expressed as a percentage. Greater a gearing greater is the risk. Financing a business through borrowing is cheaper than using equity because lender requires low rate of return then share hol ders and profitable business pays effectively less for debt capital than equity. Gearing is one of the most significant factors to consider before investing and creditors of the business look carefully at a companys gearing ratio before offering a loan. If the business is already highly geared there is high risk of being unable to meet interest charges and repaid the loan. Financing cost: interest on loan, greater the borrowing greater the interest paid and for longer. This takes major part of operating profit and effect directly on bottom line. Now a days issue of gearing is not in spotlight because interest rate is 0.5%, which mean financial cost is very low and has less impact on companies which are highly geared. But in the feature this will not remain same as interest rate increase in medium term due to high inflation and have direct impact on operating profit of the high geared companies.

Human Resources Training And Development - 2191 Words

Human Resources Training and Development Emma Perry Saint Augustine’s University Introduction Training and development are two very important components of human resources within an organization. The main objection of human resources training and development is to ensure that there is an availability of skilled and trained workers for an organization. An organization’s strategies for training and development can have an effect on the organization’s performance. Training and development helps to make sure that workers have the knowledge and skills to perform their jobs to the best of their ability. When employees are happy, trained, and motivated they can provide quality service or quality products for their organization. Training and Development Defined According to an article in the reference for business encyclopedia, â€Å"training and development is the formal, ongoing efforts of organizations to improve the performance and self-fulfillment of their employees through a variety of methods and programs† (Training and Development, n.d.). Goldstein and Gilliam (1990) also state, that â€Å"worker development and training is an effort to improve upcoming worker performance by increasing an employee’s capability to perform† (Goldstein Gilliam, 1990). Training and development have different processes but they are intertwined. The process of training is short termed and development is the long term process that gradually develops. Training andShow MoreRelatedThe Human Resource Development Partner And Training Manager1564 Words   |  7 PagesAs the human resource development partner and training manager, I was contacted by JetBlue to develop a detailed lesson plan for their newest addition to their family. 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This gives a space to think about new methods of public servants in relation to its customers aimed at improving the delivery of services

The Use of Physical Space in Architecture Free Essays

Physical infinite The term environment is burdensome to cover with when trying to definite it briefly. However as Caldwell ( 1980 ) assert â€Å"everyone understands the term but cipher is able to specify it† . One needs to be sedulous, both in identify and curtailing it range because it circumscribe anything from the biosphere to the smallest animal ( Ladan, 2009 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Physical Space in Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The environment on an international graduated table is given by the wide scopes of issue being addressed globally. It includes sustainable usage of natural resources, biodiversity, and outstanding natural heritage, protection of the ozone bed, atmosphere, clime, and quality of life, safeguarding of human wellness and therefore doing environmental construction and infinites handiness to all. With a broader position, the environment encompasses the physical, economic, cultural, aesthetic and societal infinites. For this thesis work, accent shall be on the physical infinite, which is an built-in portion of the environment. The physical infinite here refers to the built environment. The position of designers and metropolis interior decorators are such that the physical environment, to a big extent is referred to as the reinforced environment. Ahianaba, Dimuna and Okungun ( 2008 ) stated that, construct environment is the edifices and infinites between them. There is a relationship and interaction between the edifices and the infinites. The reinforced environment in many developing states is going increasingly worse. Peculiarly Nigeria built environment is in a province of desperation. Harmonizing to World Bank ( 2005 ) , a batch of factors are therefore accountable to the deteriorating position of Nigerian built environment. Unplanned metropolis design attacks, rural-urban migration, rapid urbanisation, regular economic downswings, neglect of urban housework, rot of urban substructures, to call but a few of them. Another important discouraging factor of the Nigerian urban built environment is non-compliance with constructing bye-laws and ordinances. This inatten tiveness consequences continually brings traffic hurt, dehumanisation and overturns the civic pride ( Ahianaba et al. , 2008 ) . Ahianaba et al. , ( 2008 ) further argues that in the formation of any environment, the physical environment is considered as the most of import built-in. The physical environment helps organisms, persons and at big, the public a direct contact and interaction. This interaction and relationship are largely obvious and existent. The relationship between human wellness and the physical infinite can’t be over-emphasised. An improved lodging system with handiness for all characteristics, good sanitation, recreational installations, and environmental hygiene could put a gait for an enabling built environment. The issues of overcrowding, slums development and homesteader colony, all have negative influences on our built environment. One of the focal point of this research work is to grok how a individual quandary i.e. an architectural design in the reinforced environment is keeping the people from really personal to economic domain of life. In an effort to unknot this individual design hindrance, we need to holistically look at the Nigeria built environment. It is non a far fetch truth that developed states are seeking and recommending remodelling of old edifices and increasing handiness characteristics in new edifices to carter for the turning handicapped and elderly public. ( ADA 2010 ; Equality Act 2010 ; ILO 2002 ; UNCRPD 2006 ) . In Nigeria context as enunciated by Ahianba ( 2008 ) , Nigeria built environment is fast decaying. A putrefy built environment can therefore non concentrate on handiness characteristic, her precedence will be how to acquire out the present province of desperation. The Nigeria built environment, deteriorating as a consequence of rural built environment missing proviso of basic comfortss. Where this comfortss are provided, they are unequal and do non work efficaciously due to laxness of relevant Nigeria governments. This has led to high rate of rural-urban migration. The urban infinite, hence has to postulate with overcrowding, substandard lodging system. As a consequence of this migration displacement from rural infinite to urban infinite, force per unit areas are on designers and metropolis interior decorators to carter for the pullulating migrating public. Nigeria characterised of an unplanned physical infinite, has two issues to face with. Suiting the new urban inhabitant and how efficaciously they will take part in the degenerating â€Å"unplanned† urban infinite. Ahianba et al. , ( 2008 ) , posit that â€Å"to better our built environment, there should be proviso of basic infrastructural comfortss, standard lodging, decrease of ove rcrowding, good sanitation and conformity with edifice bye-laws and regulation† Nigeria urban infinite is overcrowded as a consequence of addition in her population and deficient lodging. Lagos, Ibadan, kano, Enugu, Benin metropolis etc. , are Nigeria high denseness urban metropoliss. The ratio of tenancy per room in urban infinites is every bit high as 1:6 or 1:10 ( Federal Offices of Statics, 2001 ) . Overcrowding of Nigeria public infinite causes environmental pollution, deteriorate professional and societal services, destroys the beaches, recreational installations and Parkss, etc. ( Dubos, 1967 ) . The overcrowding issues of our urban infinite restraint the authorities into looking at the how the public infinites could be accessible and functional for her senior citizen as they age. Government range is being limited to how to decide the overcrowding. Disability and handiness as a societal issue ( Gleeson 1993 ; Oliver 1996 ) is a job that has a societal and wellness effects ( Asbell 1975 ; Chombant 1979 ) .The United Nation ( 1975 ) believes that African li ves in brooding and interact in a public infinite that is parlous and a cause of human indignity. This is largely reflected in Nigeria lodging system, which sometimes lacks conventional and natural airing, illuming and sunlight shading devices, buffers to cut down noise pollution and walkers for walk-way way of her people. These issues can’t be over-emphasised, they are indispensable aspect of comfy life. The urban infinites are non planned, it is a merchandise of â€Å"grown† development. It sprang and developed from small towns and trade station. However, they still retain their disused semi-permanent edifices. These are grounds for Nigeria edifices, jumping up randomly, roads are narrow, colony are homesteaders, addition rate of slum development, seamy environment, deficient traffic marks, etc. The hapless airing in Nigerian edifice designs causes her citizens to kip outside during dry season. Their house are either non good cross-ventilated or being block by another house or fencing. World Health Organisation nucleus map includes publicity of good lodging, enabling public infinites which must be environmentally hygienic ( WHO, 1946 ) . Borrowing from Osuide ( 2004 ) , one of the cardinal self-respect, physical and mental wellness, is holding a safe topographic point to brood. Odomudu ( 1987 ) and Sarinen ( 1966 ) argues that a good home and a functional public infinite esca late the well-being and aspiration of the people because the dwelling topographic point and public infinites are where domestic and personal map of each persons takes topographic points. The physical and mental wellness of a individual depends greatly on his or her environment. An person and his or her place are centerpiece of society ( Aihana et al. , 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Ahianba et al. , ( 2008 ) , to accomplish a functional and healthier built environment, on a Nigeria context, based on her present built environment quandary. Creation of aesthetics values, fancify the urban environment, good landscape gardening and ocular satisfying unfastened infinites should be integrated into the design strategy of designers and metropolis interior decorators. Advocating of an equal urban and rural colony, which should be conceptualised in an orderly manner manner of a good professionals be aftering. Government policies should be re-evaluated with a possibility for amendment and new Torahs or Acts of the Apostless emanating and rigorous conformity with bing edifice jurisprudence. Non-compliance with Nigeria constructing bye-laws and ordinances is one of the indispensable factor responsible for Nigeria disintegrating built environment ( Ahianba et al. , 2008 ) . In the sub subdivision of this chapter, it holistically looks at Nigeria constructing by e-laws and ordinances with the position that if the jurisprudence is being purely adhere to, possibly, it will further better the quality of Nigeria built environment and possibly, accessible to all her people. The town planning regulations and Torahs are being violated, which resulted to improper planning of the environment. In the creative activity of a reinforced environment, the issue of lodging is non an exceeding. Salama ( 2006 ) argues that lodging is the platform for the creative activity of life environment for adult male and his family.it cater for his psychological and societal development. The issue of handiness in a adult male ‘s house ca n’t be overemphasized because lodging transcend the physical dimension of shelter proviso for adult male but it encompasses the general environment within the edifice, which avail societal services and infrastructural services for optimal satisfaction of the utilizing public. Housing as a entire environment in which adult male lives and turn, should hold handiness characteristic included at the abrasion of the architectural design and non improvised at building or usage phase. The handiness issue therefore correlative between the quality of life and the quality of the physical environment in which 1s lives. Housing signifiers in Nigeria have over the old ages wear a enormous alterations in content, signifier, construction and spacial planning as a consequence of architecture.in our delicate planet, alteration is the lone changeless thing. This changes harmonizing to sa’ad and ogunsusi ( 1996 ) have unerasable effects on the life styles of Nigerians and it therefore affects their orientation of the physical infinite. Housing as a contemplation of cultural, societal and economic values of any society as to be given proper consideration of planning and governmental policy should be geared toward achieving a humane and antiphonal environment. Housing which is a signifier of shelter and a larger portion of any states built environment, is one of the basic necessity of man’s being. Olotuah ( 1997a, 2002a ) argues that the insufficiency of lodging threatens the very footing of his beings. It enhances the public assistance, societal engagement and productiveness of adult male. The United Nation ( 1971 ) adopted that every citizens deserve an entree to adequate lodging without any hinderance whatsoever. The UN ( 1971 ) and by its indorsement in 1976 by 131 other states, was bore out of the fortunes of the demand to better the lodging criterion and insufficiency of the nation’s hapless bulk. Her cardinal purpose is the proviso of appropriate lodging within the economic range of the bulk of the public. Nigeria is a party to this pact but yet Nigeria authorities still finds it difficult to supply an enabling environment for lodging proviso, allow entirely an accessible lodging for her people. ( Olotuah, 2002a ) . The Nigerian authorities lodging programmes have non been able to fit the lifting public. It been left to the custodies of the private sectors. In Nigeria today, the private sector provide the majority of the lodging stock which do non hold handiness characteristic because their designs are non socially oriented but net income oriented ( Olotuah, 2009 ) . For this ground vast of the public will non look out for handiness characteristics in the edifice, instead will see how the lodging stock could be increased to run into the high demand. It is the sentiment of the research worker that every bit much as there is a diminution in the Nigeria lodging stock. Introduction of accessible characteristic in new designs and an effort to reconstruct bing constructions, will non incur an excess cost of building but it will assist advance the United Nations ( 1979 ) acceptance. Furthermore, doing the Nigeria built environment friendlier and less discriminatory to the people of different capablenes ss, which do hold their ain socio-economic values to the economic system of the state. The Nigerian designers have a great function to play in face-lifting of our reinforced environment. The quality of human home ground is a cardinal architectural issue in achieving a humane and antiphonal environment ( Olotuah, 2009 ) . The architectural design must be in such a manner that it improves the quality of the human environment through an orderly development of the human environment. How to cite The Use of Physical Space in Architecture, Essay examples

Growing Dependence of Humans on Electronic Machines and Gadgets

Question: Discuss about the Growing Dependence of Humans on Electronic Machines and Gadgets. Answer: Introduction The purpose of the following research paper is to find out the relation and impact of the growing dependency of the human beings on the electronic machines and gadgets and how does it affect their mental health and wellbeing as well as physical health. Without the technology, life becomes crippled in the twenty first century (Hill, 2017). Electronic gadgets are a part of the technological revolution. Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, etc. are the mostly used gadgets in everyday life (Gani, 2017). However, experts also say that, the growing dependency on the gadgets have both positive and negative impacts on the mental and physical health of the people. The gadgets are making life easier but the social interactions are reduced due to these gadgets and peoples health is affected too (Rahmah, 2015). Problem statement/ knowledge gap The problem statement of this research paper focuses on the impact of the growing dependency of the people on the electronic machines and gadgets and its effect on the well being of the people and on the children. Type of research The research that will be undertaken for this paper will be quantitative research. Primary and secondary data will be collected and those will be analyzed quantitatively to get a scientifically relevant solution. Significance This paper aims to find out how much people have become dependent on the electronic gadgets and how it affects their well being. This study would be helpful for future research on a relevant topic and would also help in finding out more ways to improve quality of life through the adoption of the positive impacts of electronic gadgets. Research objectives The objectives of the research paper are: To critically analyze the impact of digital tools on the human beings To evaluate the dependency of the children on the electronic gadgets and its impact on them To find out and examine the negative impact of the gadgets on human health To assess the addiction of people towards the electronic gadgets Research questions What is the overall impact of the electronic gadgets on the daily life of people? How the children are dependent on the electronic gadgets and what are the impacts on them? What are the negative impacts of the dependency on the electronic gadgets on the human health? Literature review: Electronic devices or Gadgets The term gadget means the portable electronic devices, which are part of one or more of the following categories: gaming consoles, MP3 players mobile phones or various other wireless enabled devices (Lee, 2005). It has been found that globally the smartphone users have crossed the mark of one billion users in the year 2012 (Emarketer, 2014). Thus, the penetration of mobile phones will increase from 61.1% to 69.4% between 2013 and 2017 (Abu-Tair Abu-Shanab, 2014). Already electronic gadgets have turned out to be in extensive use by people of all age groups, but in case of young generation electronic gadgets and technology has a substantial stake in their educational as well as social lives. They are exposed to various electronic gadgets or devices since childhood like video games, computer, Internet, cell phones and various other forms of technology (Nakel Naval, 2015). Impact of Digital Tools on Humans In past few decades, the relationship of human beings with information and communication technologies has turned out to be quite intimate. For example, Smartphones have become an inseparable companion of humans with a huge list of apps, smart appliances, wearables, which allows generation, storage as well as collection of large volumes of data regarding each and every aspect of life. There are large number of people who are using electronic gadgets or life hacks due to social, health related or economic reasons or just because of sheer curiosity and personal enjoyment (Sharon, 2016). A rise in the dependence on electronic gadgets is casting negative impact on several talents, for example, mathematical intuitions. It also makes people lazy. For example, it has been seen that the quality of handwriting of human beings has seen a decline due to heavy usage of computer keyboards. People have become highly dependent on cell phones instead of their personal memory to store the telephone numbers as well as other information. Although these gadgets and devices prove to be very useful, they are simultaneously triggering an alarm because humans are losing analytical capability as well as professional intuition (Means Mubarak, 2012). Dependency and Impact of Electronic Gadgets on Children Large number of children is seen to be hooked to television, computers, tablets or mobile phones watching favourite shows or playing games instead of playing outdoors. In the past two decades the frequency of watching television has grown twice. Obesity is considered to be a major issue, which is found gripping children who use more electronic gadgets. These kids avoid all kinds of physical activity and prefer spending their time with electronic gadgets. A child using more of electronic gadgets, will not be using their skills and knowing their capabilities (Deepak, 2016). Negative Effect of Electronic on Human Health Although technology has had positive effects on society, it is also casting severe negative impacts as well on human health. Electronic gadgets cause physical strains as excessive texting as well as swiping in case of smartphones and tablets results in inflated tendons, index fingers, and in thumb joints, pain in wrist, weakness of the grip over a prolonged usage of these devices. Excessive use of handheld devices like tables, cell phones or gaming consoles results in poor postures (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). The artificial light from the mobile phones or tablets hinders the pineal glands and it stops producing melatonin, a hormone, which stabilises the human bodys circadian rhythm or commonly known as 24-hour biological clock. Increase in stress, depression in men and women as well as sleeping disorders are common. Addiction to video games causes repetitive strain injuries and its prolonged use causes sedentary lifestyle, resulting in obesity. Moreover, radiations by some gadgets might increase the risk of cancer (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). Electronic Device Addiction Electronic Device Addiction can be called as a kind of behavioural addiction in which man-made machines interactions are involved. In this decade, there has been huge evolution in the field of mobile phones, emerging as smart phones as well as they are incorporated with social media and is the leading addictive electronic gadget (Subba et al., 2013). Mobile phone addiction has been described by psycho analysts as award seeking behaviour. Mainly the young population is seen to be pre-occupied with electronic gadgets mainly the mobile phones (Griffiths, 2015). Research design and methods Research methodology refers to the systematic plan for conducting the research (Alvesson Skldberg, 2017). In this research study, the researcher needs to address the research questions by collecting the data and evaluating them by using a scientific approach. Hence, research approach, design, data collection and analysis process are the subject matter of research methodology. In the current study, the researcher will choose the interpretivism philosophy as the topic deals with a social phenomenon (Potrac, Jones Nelson, 2014). Research design focuses on the overall strategy of the research. There are two major types of research design: exploratory and explanatory. Exploratory research design is the process that deals with a problem, which was not explored earlier. This process studies the problem in details, establishes the priorities, develops the definitions and improves the final designs. On the other hand, explanatory research design addresses a known issue in a more detailed manner to explain other aspects (Creswell, 2014). In this paper, the researcher will choose explanatory method of research as the topic has been explored before. The case study approach will be applied to address the topic. Case study approach is helpful to evaluate the bigger picture through a small sample (Zainal, 2017). It helps in taking a sample for the data collection and analysis and evaluating the problem based on that. Population Since the research is based on the digital tool addiction, hence, according to the researcher, the customers of an electronics store would be the best population for survey. This group of customers consists of new and existing customers. The customer base of Best Buy would be helpful as it is an electronics store and the trend of electronics goods purchase might provide some insight for the research. Sampling approach and sample size A sample size of 50 people will be chosen through simple random sampling. These 50 people will be chosen from the customer base of Best Buy Australia. Simple random sampling is a probability sampling where each customer has the equal probability of being chosen. As the customer base is homogenous in terms of nature, hence this sampling method will be used. This helps in minimizing the systematic bias (Rossi, Wright Anderson, 2013). Survey design A survey questionnaire will be prepared by the researcher himself and will be handed out to 50 random customers during the billing. The questionnaire would contain 5 close ended questions and 3 open ended interview questions. The questions will be well designed and based on level of usage of electronic gadgets. Constructs, Operationalization and measurement levels Creations based on observations are called constructs. The indicators and dimensions of digital tools addiction are the constructs of this paper. Developing the methods for measuring the data and reaching to a conclusion is the operationalization process. In this case, ordinal measurement levels will be used to find out the ranking of the variables. Qualitative measurement is possible in ordinal measurement (Covin Miller, 2014). Mode of Data collection The researcher will be collecting both the primary and secondary data for this research study. Primary data is the one, which is collected directly from the field of study and secondary data is the one that is collected from already published sources (Beer Faulkner, 2014). In this research study, the researcher will conduct a survey, focusing on the digital tools addiction and its impacts on the adults and children. For the secondary data, the researcher will look for the data on health problems, mental issues, and the usage of electronic goods in daily lives. For that, the official websites of WHO and other international health organizations and various health and technology journals will be explored by the researcher. The official sales data of Best Buy Australia will also be taken to get an idea about the sales of electronics goods. Analytic method The quantitative data analysis process will be used in this paper. The researcher will analyze the primary data by using scientific methods, such as statistical tools of correlation, regression, and frequency calculation. This minimizes any biasness and fluctuation in the observation (Treiman, 2014). The secondary data and the interview responses will be used to validate the results of primary data analysis. Type of Contribution In this research paper, the researcher will perform empirical analysis and hence will do empirical contribution. The effects of a potential moderator variable on the nature of the relationship between the constructs will be examined in this contribution (Burtch, Ghose Wattal, 2016). Limitations and conclusion The primary limitation of this research study is the small size of the sample. It is not possible for the researcher to collect interview and survey responses from a huge population, as this would make the study robust, complex and time consuming. The data on the effects on children could also be ambiguous as the children might not be able answer the survey questions accurately. Technology is producing large number of electronic gadgets and devices to make our lives easier and better. Invention of new technology leads to higher level of dependence of younger generation on these gadgets resulting in addiction amongst them. This is a behavioural addiction, which brings about negative impacts on human health. There can be issues like headaches, depression, obesity and anxiety due prolonged use of gadgets and this affects the lifestyle. Thus, it becomes all the more necessary to analyse the real time impact of growing dependency on electronic gadgets. References Hill, D. (2017). On the importance of the imaginative forward glance.Endeavour. Gani, S. A. (2017, May). Parenting Digital Natives: Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Developmental Challenges. InInternational Conference on Education(pp. 870-880). Rahmah, A. (2015). Digital Literacy Learning System for Indonesian Citizen.Procedia Computer Science,72, 94-101. Alvesson, M., Skldberg, K. (2017).Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative research. Sage. Potrac, P., Jones, R., Nelson, L. (2014).Interpretivism(pp. 31-41). London: Routledge. Zainal, Z. (2017). Case study as a research method.Jurnal Kemanusiaan,5(1). Creswell, J. W. (2014).A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage Publications. Rossi, P. H., Wright, J. D., Anderson, A. B. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of survey research. Academic Press. Covin, J. G., Miller, D. (2014). International entrepreneurial orientation: Conceptual considerations, research themes, measurement issues, and future research directions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(1), 11-44. Beer, A., Faulkner, D. (2014). How to use primary and secondary data.Chapters, 192-209. Treiman, D. J. (2014).Quantitative data analysis: Doing social research to test ideas. John Wiley Sons. Burtch, G., Ghose, A., Wattal, S. (2016). Secret admirers: An empirical examination of information hiding and contribution dynamics in online crowdfunding.Information Systems Research,27(3), 478-496. Abu-Tair, H. Abu-Shanab, E., 2014. Mobile Government Services: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Technology Diffusion, 5(1), pp.17-25. Deepak, S., 2016. Addiction to gadgets increasing. The Hindu, 3 June. Emarketer, 2014. Smartphone Users Worldwide Will Total 1.75 Billion in 2014. [Online] Available at: https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Smartphone-UsersWorldwide-Will-Total-175-Billion-2014/1010536 [Accessed 6 October 2017]. Lee, D., 2005. Womens creation of camera phone Cultue. The Fibreculture Journal., (6). Means, R.S. Mubarak, S.A., 2012. How to Estimate with RSMeans Data: Basic Skills for Building Construction. John Wiley Sons. Nakel, M.P. Naval, S., 2015. Study of Impact and Dependency of Electronic Gadgets on Health Life Style of Students -A Comparative Study Among Youth Population in MGM Campus, Aurangabad. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 6(5), pp.2174-78. Sharon, T., 2016. Self-Tracking for Health and the Quantified Self : Rearticulating autonomy, solidarity and authenticiuty in an age of personalised helathcare. Philosphy Technology, 30(1). Subba, S., Mandelia, C., PataK, V. Reddy, D., 2013. Ringxiety and the Mobile Phone Usage Pattern among the Students of aMedical College in South India. Journal of Clinica and Diagnostic Research, 7(2), pp.205-09. Greenlifetsyle, 2014. The Negative Effects of Electronics on Human Health. greenlifestylemarket, 11 July. Griffiths, M.D., 2015. Internet addiction: Fact or fiction?. The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychology Society, 12, pp.246-50. Growing Dependence of Humans on Electronic Machines and Gadgets Question: Discuss about theGrowing Dependence of Humans on Electronic Machines and Gadgets. Answer: Introduction An electronic gadget is a small tool or a machine that performs specific function and is often believed to be a novelty. There is no work as such that can be done without taking assistance from electronic machines or gadgets. This literature review thus critically analyses the growing dependence of human beings on electronic machines as well as gadgets by analysing the previous research conducted in this field. Literature Review Electronic devices or Gadgets The term gadget means the portable electronic devices which are part of one or more of the following categories: gaming consoles, MP3 players mobile phones or various other wireless enabled devices (Lee, 2005). It has been found that globally the smartphone users have crossed the mark of one billion users in the year 2012 (Emarketer, 2014). It is expected that in the global electronics market 4.55 billion people will be using mobile phones by the year end 2014. Thus the penetration of mobile phones will increase from 61.1% to 69.4% between 2013 and 2017 (Abu-Tair Abu-Shanab, 2014). Already electronic gadgets have turned out to be in extensive use by people of all age groups, but in case of young generation electronic gadgets and technology has a substantial stake in their educational as well as social lives. They are exposed to various electronic gadgets or devices since childhood like video games, computer, Internet, cell phones and various other forms of technology(Nakel Naval, 2 015). Impact of Digital Tools on Humans In past few decades the relationship of human beings with information and communication technologies has turned out to be quite intimate .For example Smartphones have become an inseparable companion of humans with a huge list of apps , smart appliances , wearables which allows generation, storage as well as collection of large volumes of data regarding each and every aspect of life. There are large number of people who are using electronic gadgets or life hacks due to social, health related or economic reasons or just because of sheer curiosity and personal enjoyment (Sharon, 2016). The digital tools are impacting human ontologies because humans are adapting both the environment as well as themselves to the more and more complex ICTs. The new electronic devices with their advanced technologies are teaching or educating human beings as users. This kind of integration makes use of large envelopment of the physical world in which we live (Florida 2012). Envelopment which was regarded as a stand-alone phenomenon for example in case of a dishwasher it is a machine or gadget that is built around an enveloped microenvironment or the one which is being constrained by specific space for example a car factory where hundreds of robots work. However , there are several ubiquitous cell towers as well as Wi-Fi hotspots that have already enveloped and then transformed the physical environment, thus making our world more technology friendly where the ubiquitous smart devices are capable of gathering, transferring and then processing vast amount of data permanently (Hernandez- r amirez, 2017). Cognition is enabling a completely new class of products as well as services in order to reason, learn as well as sense about the users and the world in which they live. Thus electronic devices along with their technology allow continuous improvement as well as adaptation. They also help in augmentation of their capabilities so as to deliver various uses that were not previously imagined. This can be seen happening with medical devices, various appliances, cars as well as in case of toys. The Internet of Things (IoT) is helping in expanding the digital universe through its products and unique services by including the products and services with cognition (Kelly III, 2015). Thus there is seen a rise in the dependence on electronic gadgets which is casting negative impact on several talents for example mathematical intuitions. For example, it has been seen that the quality of handwriting of human beings has seen a decline due to heavy usage of computer keyboards. People have become highly dependent on cell phones instead of their personal memory to store the telephone numbers as well as various other information. Although these gadgets and devices prove to be very useful but they are simultaneously triggering an alarm because we humans are losing analytical capability as well as professional intuition. Human beings are becoming too much dependent on the various technologies applied in electronic devices that they are unable to perform simple tasks without the electronic gadgets or devices. Computers as well as other electronic gadgets are considered to be very wonderful tools which help humans in various walks of life, but they should never be considered as replacements for human creativity, thinking as well as human intelligence (Means Mubarak, 2012). Dependency and Impact of Electronic Gadgets on Children Large number of children is seen to be hooked to television, computers, tablets or mobile phones watching favourite shows or playing games instead of playing outdoors. In the past two decades the frequency of watching television has grown twice. This seriously impacts the health of children. Obesity is considered to be a major issue which is found gripping children who use more electronic gadgets. The reason being children now-a-days prefer to eat food as well in front of television or watching mobile phones. These kids avoid all kinds of physical activity and prefer spending their time with electronic gadgets. Thus a child who will be using more of electronic gadgets will be depending more on them and will not be using their skills and knowledge for their work (Deepak, 2016). Negative Effect of Electronic on Human Health Although technology has had positive effects on society but on the flip side it is casting severe negative impacts as well on human health Electronic gadgets pose serious possible risks as well as hazards to human health. It causes physical strains as excessive texting as well as swiping in case of smartphones and tablets results in inflated tendons, index fingers, as well as thumb joints. In case of electronic devices like tablets smartphones theres is excessive use of thumbs and index finger which results in pain in wrist, weakness of the grip over a prolonged usage of these devices. Excessive use of handheld devices like tables, cell phones or gaming consoles results in poor postures for example hunched back, rounded shoulders or forward head (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). The artificial light emitted by the mobile phones or tablets hinders the pineal glands and its stops producing melatonin , a hormone which stabilises the human bodys circadian rhythm or commonly known as 24-hour biological clock (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). Heavy use of electronic devices is usually found to be connected with increase in stress, depression in men and women as well as sleeping disorders. Sleep related issues are found more in people working in ICT industry as they have to work on computer intensively and have to communicate all through the day on mobile phone. In the same way handheld gizmos do act as entertainment tool, but they result in gaming addiction and it is not juts children but adults too become addicted to video games. This causes repetitive strain injuries and at the same time prolonged use causes sedentary lifestyle, which finally results in obesity. Moreover, some of the electronic devices or gadgets also emit radiations which might increase the risk of cance r. While some researchers believe that the radiations emitted from electronic gadgets kills neurons or weakens the immunity system (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). Electronic Device Addiction Electronic Device Addiction can be called as a kind of behavioural addiction in which man-made machines interactions are involved. With the advancement in technology there is seen diversification as well as accentuation towards being addicted to electronic gadgets (Susila et al., 2017) . This technology addition started with radios and then trickled down to television and has now reached the mobile phones. In this decade there has been huge evolution in the field of mobile phones , emerging as smart phones as well as they are incorporated with social media and is the leading addictive electronic gadget (Subba et al., 2013). Mobile phone addiction has been described by psycho analysts as award seeking behaviour. Mainly the young population is seen to be pre-occupied with electronic gadgets mainly the mobile phones (Griffiths, 2015). Television addiction started as it is the most accessible mass media for both literates as well as illiterates. But it is also the leading mass medium which helps in educating, entertaining, watching news and movies for the common people. With the launch of Smart TVs in late 2010s, that also have integrated internet function, the popularity of television has increased amongst the young generation again. Being addicted to electronic devices like television or mobile phones is considered to be a compulsive behaviour which is almost same as compulsive behaviour (Susila et al., 2017). Thus humans are getting addicted to electronic devices and this is leading type of behavioural addiction to be seen amongst them that needs to be investigated. Conclusion Technology is producing large number of electronic gadgets and devices to make our lives easier and better. The recently developed IT driven gadgets are very lucrative and fast catching the attention of current generation especially the youth and children . This leads to higher level of dependence of younger generation on these gadgets which results in electronic gadgets addiction amongst them. This is kind of behavioural addiction which brings about negative impacts as well as there can be neurological impairments. Using gadgets for a longer period of time also causes negative impacts on the health. There can be issues like headaches, depression, and anxiety. Tech-gadgets addiction also impacts the lifestyle of the people who are very much dependent on them and this might result in lifestyle diseases like obesity or diabetes. Thus it becomes all the more necessary to analyse the real time impact of growing dependency on electronic gadgets. Bibliography Abu-Tair, H. Abu-Shanab, E., 2014. Mobile Government Services: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Technology Diffusion, 5(1), pp.17-25. Deepak, S., 2016. Addiction to gadgets increasing. The Hindu, 3 June. Emarketer, 2014. Smartphone Users Worldwide Will Total 1.75 Billion in 2014. [Online] Available at: https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Smartphone-UsersWorldwide-Will-Total-175-Billion-2014/1010536 [Accessed 6 October 2017]. Ewles, L., 2005. Key Topics in Public Health: Essential Briefings on Prevention and Health Promotion. Elsevier. Greenlifetsyle, 2014. THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ELECTRONICS ON HUMAN HEALTH. greenlifestylemarket, 11 July. Griffiths, M.D., 2015. Internet addiction: Fact or fiction?. The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychology Society, 12, pp.246-50. Hernandez- ramirez, R., 2017. Technologies of Self - How are digital tools affecting human ontologies. Lisbon, POrtugal: Faculty of Fine Arts , University of Lisbon. Kelly III, J.E., 2015. Computing, cognition and the future of knowing. IBM. Lee, D., 2005. Womens creation of camera phone Cultue. The Fibreculture Journal., (6). Means, R.S. Mubarak, S.A., 2012. How to Estimate with RSMeans Data: Basic Skills for Building Construction. John Wiley Sons. Nakel, M.P. Naval, S., 2015. Study of Impact and Dependency of Electronic Gadgets on Health Life Style of Students -A Comparative Study Among Youth Population in MGM Campus, Aurangabad. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 6(5), pp.2174-78. Sharon, T., 2016. Self-Tracking for Health and the Quantified Self : Rearticulating autonomy, solidarity and authenticiuty in an age of personalised helathcare. Philosphy Technology, 30(1). Subba, S., Mandelia, C., PataK, V. Reddy, D., 2013. Ringxiety and the Mobile Phone Usage Pattern among the Students of aMedical College in South India. Journal of Clinica and Diagnostic Research, 7(2), pp.205-09. Susila, T. et al., 2017. A cross sectional study on electronic device addiction among youth in an urban area, Chennai. Stanley Medical Journal, 4(1).

Comment on the dramatic techniques of Alan Bennett in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee Essay Example

Comment on the dramatic techniques of Alan Bennett in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee Essay A Cream Cracker Under the Settee is a monologue, which is a play with a single character. The character is Doris, a seventy five year old widow, who lives on her own. She has home help that visits once a week. In this monologue form, information is gradually revealed by the one character Doris. We find out shes had an unhappy life; eventually we find out why. Doris looks back nostalgically on her childhood and early marriage, the times in her life when she was truly happy. Something changed her life. At first the reader is unaware and even misled by Bennett. Doris describes Wilfred as dad, and thus he misleads the viewer into thinking there was a baby. We later find there was a baby, but it was a stillbirth. Doris didnt like the midwifes attitude when she wrapped the baby in newspaper then put it in a shoebox. Doris felt she was treating it like dirt. She says, He wasnt dirty, little thing. This could have been the start of Doriss hygiene obsession. Also, Wilfred did not help her much. Her husband wanted to get a dog instead. Her marriage wasnt great, Wilfred was a dreamer and frustrated Doris. We will write a custom essay sample on Comment on the dramatic techniques of Alan Bennett in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Comment on the dramatic techniques of Alan Bennett in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Comment on the dramatic techniques of Alan Bennett in A Cream Cracker Under the Settee specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Wilfred started little projects like an allotment, but never did anything with them, and then he moved onto something else. Doris still misses him though. We know this because she talks to the wedding photo, which also shows she is lonely. We know Doris has had an unhappy past: she is also having an unhappy present. There is an immediate problem. Doris has been dusting and had an accident, she hurt her leg and its getting worse. Part of Doriss unhappiness is her loneliness, she has no family and no friends: we were always on our own. Me and Wilfred. We werent gregarious. This is exacerbated because Doris hasnt moved with the times; she doesnt like change and new social patterns. Doriss main cause of unhappiness is her home-helper Zulema. She patronises Doris and keeps threatening her with Stafford House. Doris feels she is a prisoner, referring to the Zulema regime. All the information I have considered is gradually revealed to the audience using a number of dramatic techniques. Doris uses non-standard English, like thems her leaves. She also has a local dialect and uses words like squatting instead of placing. This establishes her character: she is probably working class but when she uses words like surreptitious and gregarious Bennett suggests she is quite clever. Bennett emphasises things about Doris by using recurrent themes. Doris has a hygiene obsession. She talks about cleanliness a lot and is prejudiced against people in Stafford House because she thinks they are unclean. She talks about her husband Wilfred frequently and speaks to the photo of him. Another technique Bennett uses is reported speech: this brings in other characters so the monologue is more interesting. An example of this is Zulema we form our impression of the character from what Doris tells us she says: youre on trial here. Sometimes Doris has an imagined conversation where she plans what shell say to Zulema: dont Stafford House me. Doris does this because she would like to say it, but really she wouldnt dare. Bennett also uses direct address where she speaks to the audience. She says, Would you credit it? This is to get more involvement from the viewers. A cream cracker under the settee was written for television, so it uses a number of dramatic techniques to do with performance. These include, set, costume, lighting and music. The set gives the audience important information at the start of the monologue about the character and the plot. The set is old fashioned. The carpet is brown and beige and patterned, the room is dull with few ornaments, and this could mean she is poor. Right away you can tell something has happened: there is a buffet on its side and a cracked photo on the hearth, and Doris has a duster in her hand. The costume used is old fashioned which reflects Doris. She has a blue floral frock which she says shes had for years. She wears a pink knitted cardigan, horned rimmed glasses and tights. All these are very practical clothes. Another technique used in the performance is the lighting. In the morning Doris is sitting in front of the window and she is backlit. When she is against the sideboard she is away from the window so it is less bright. Doris later moves to the door where it is darker still. In the evening she is sat by the sofa and the room is orange due to the streetlights. There are two dramatic functions of the lighting. One of them is to indicate the passage of time. Doris does not tell the viewer what time it is. The second is as a metaphor: the last stage direction is light fades, and this could indicate Doriss death. The last two dramatic techniques of the performance are the use of music and the camera. At the start the music sounds sad and lonely this sets the mood straight away as it is depressing. The instruments are piano and brass, solo instruments that are alone, like Doris. There is a single camera which is linked to the music, zooming in to emphasise emotional moments. The camera does not move around Doris so any movement is effective.

Gadget Toy Companys Network

Gadget Toy Companys Network Drawing Network Gadget Toy Company’s NetworkAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gadget Toy Company’s Network specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Purpose of Critical Path A critical path helps the management to identify the most crucial activity in every project. A critical path is the longest time that a project can take to be completed. At the same time, it is the shortest time that a project can take because it has no float time. Identification of the critical path helps the management in allocating resources and directing the activities in order to accomplish the project within the stipulated time schedule (Webb, 2002). The critical path shows activities whose duration can be reduced to reduce the overall production duration. Otherwise, reducing activities, which do not form part of the critical path, increases cost without reducing the overall project duration. The critical path outlines the most impor tant sets of activities which when implemented the project goals will be realized (Webb, 2002).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Tracking the project using the Critical path Critical path analysis allows management to monitor the development of the project while tracing its achievement (Webb, 2002). Through the critical path, the management can tell whether they will be able to meet their targeted goals or not. Any deviation arising are easily detected and remedial action are employed promptly to address any shortcomings. Moreover, the critical path helps the management to identify activities, which can be delayed in order to allocate limited resources to other activities without affecting the project duration. On the same note, the critical path helps the management make good judgments pertaining future changes in costs and other eventualities. To hasten project an alysis, Critical path is used to develop Gantt Charts, which illustrates the sequence in which activities are implemented (Webb, 2002). Gantt charts also shows which activities should be completed first before initiating others, without the critical path the management may find it difficult to understand which activities to implement first. Ways Preventing Project delays To keep the project on track the management may decide to switch some resource from an activity with float time to a critical activity. This process helps to ensure that all the critical activities are ran smoothly while delaying other activities, which are not critical (Webb, 2002). Delaying such projects does not affect the overall project duration. From the network drawn above, the management of Gadget Company may opt to delay activity D (Deliver material) to allocate more time for installing tools (activity E). Secondly, the management may opt to hire additional labor, or provide for overtime (work on weekends) in order to reinstate the project back on track. However such as measure means requires additional allocation of money to hire more labor. The other way that a project can be kept on track is by working at night so as to make up for the lost time. The other alternative would involve increasing supply so as to hasten the rate project completion time. However, any decision to increase labor and supply means incurring extra cost, which may not be readily available.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Gadget Toy Company’s Network specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, Gadget Toy may opt to crash one of the critical activities to reduce the operation time. Crashing an activity involves reducing the duration taken by an activity at a higher cost. Crashing cost depends on the time reduced on top of the original cost budgeted for that activity. Ways of linking interrelated projects There are several ways of linking mu ltiple projects with interdependencies using the critical path method namely: Performance Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT), Earned Value Management (EVM) Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) Program Evaluation and Review technique According to Webb (2002) PERT forms the foundation of planning and forecasting thereby enabling the management to prepare in advance. Apart from this, PERT provide management with ample time when it comes to decisions making especially in interrelated projects and portfolio projects. This management tool not only helps in effective utilization of resources of resource but it also ensures that all projects are completed within the stipulated time. This is made possible by visibility provided by the project as single process is used for various projects. Finally, PERT is a reliable tool for handling uncertainties because all projects are laid in a horizontal manner that makes it easier for management to detect any delay or slack. Earned V alue Management (EVM) EVM is another popular method of linking project that is being used in the modern management practices. It involves analyzing various projects, portfolios and businesses, it provide management with information tools to handle several projects at ago. In addition, EVM provides insight for future changes in project implementation. In order for management to adequately prepare for the impending uncertainties, EVM provides room for prioritizing some projects while delaying others in order to facility a mutual relationship between them. Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique (GERT) GERT operates in a similar way as the Pert but have some differences because it allow looping, project branching and multiple projects handling. GERT is an improvement on PERT because it elaborates the status of a project whether it is successful or not. Incase a project branch fails to deliver the expected results the management switches attention to other branch.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Benefits of Linking Projects Linking project has become a popular method of handling various projects that are interrelated, through linking such project the management derives many benefits. Firstly, the management improves planning as linkages facilitate projecting the future trends of the projects in terms of time and money requirement. With such a foresight the management plans in advance on how to overcome such challenges by delaying some projects or by increasing labor to meet the stipulated deadline. Pennypacker and Dye (1999) asserts that connecting several interrelated projects provides room for identifying repetitive activities. This helps in streamlining operation since the criteria for handling this project remains similar from one set of activities to the other. Repeated action promotes managers dexterity and confidence in handling similar projects in future thereby improving their efficiency. Integrating projects helps the managers to reschedule activities to display p roject interdependencies and how such relationships stretch the available resources. However, with this challenge in the mind the manager ensures proper prioritization of activities for efficiency utilization of limited resources. With the modern state-of-the- art, linking projects has also provided room for development of software to handles multi-projects in one go. Such development has acted to the best interest of managers whose role has been reduced to monitoring the progress and checking for compliance with the set time limits. Additionally, the management has the challenge of dealing with conflicts between projects and ensuring optimal allocation of resource between such projects. Moreover, the managers have the obligation of allocating resources according to the priorities set for the conflicting projects. Nevertheless, setting priority for activities forming part of the critical path has proved to be cumbersome and as a result, the management should always remain vigilant a t such critical moments (Pennypacker and Dye, 1999). Reference List Pennypacker, S.J. Dye, D. L. (1999). Project Portfolio Management, Selecting and Prioritizing Projects for Competitive Advantage. West Chester: Centre for Business Practices. Webb, A. (2002). Project Management for Successful Product Innovation. Hampshire: Gower Publisher

Does Zero Tolerance Policing 'work' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Does Zero Tolerance Policing 'work' - Essay Example The administrators objected to having to enforce the principle of zero tolerance on the grounds that they would have to go in with a police escort, even on the basis of a sliver of a rumour about a picture you don't like. Defenders of the policy reply that it indicates a greater willingness to take such complaints seriously. This type of policy of reversing the burden of proof is a species of argumentum ad ignorantiam of the following form: if you can't prove that you are not guilty, then it is presumed that you are guilty. Normally, the burden is on the accuser to provide evidence or corroboration of the charge. Admittedly, where an event took place privately between two people, with no physical evidence of harm, it is generally hard to prove such objective corroboration. The solution advocated by the zero tolerance principle is to shift the burden of disproof of the charge onto the side of the accused party. If he can't furnish such evidence, the conclusion we should draw by the ad ignorantiam argument is that he is guilty. Is this a reasonable or fallacious use of the argument from ignorance This is a hotly disputed question at the moment. Defenders of zero tolerance argue that the application of the argument from ignorance, as a reasonable argument in this instance, is justified by argument from consequences: namely, those women are at present suffering from abuse to such a degree that anyone who opposes zero tolerance is causing the deaths of women. Opponents of the principle also base their opposition on the argument from consequences. They argue that the policy of zero tolerance is producing many innocent victims of false charges of abuse, and having a disastrous effect on families. Opponents of the policy also argue that the advocates of zero tolerance are focusing only on the consequences as they affect one group, and ignoring the impact on anyone who is not a member of this group. They see this as a form of self-interested bargaining or advocacy dialogue taking the place of a more rational and objective type of deliberation or critical discussion that takes all points of view into account. At any rate, on this controversial issue, the central question directly relates to the argumentum ad ignorantiam as a type of argument. Is it reasonable or fallacious in this case And what are the grounds for justifying one opinion or the other Significantly, zero tolerance policing, with its more assertive and control oriented message, seems to have struck a chord in recent years. An increasing number of public-initiated police contacts are crime-related, especially in inner-city areas and in a time of stretched resources many have argued that police duties should be more closely restricted to crime-work. This was the dominant message behind the setting up inquiry into core policing tasks, which, despite denials, was envisaged as clearing the way towards the privatization of alleged 'peripheral' police-work. While the conclusions of the

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors Paper Essay

Productive and Counterproductive Behaviors Paper - Essay Example For example, an employ who is ready to work overtime for the completion of certain project will definitely improve the productivity of the organization. On the other hand the one who never finishes his work in time will always be a burden to the organization. Even a single employ can sometimes spoil the entire production activity of a manufacturing unit. Absenteeism, accidents, deviant behaviors, and turnover are some of the counterproductive behaviors. (Salgado) Unnecessary and uninformed absenteeism can create problems to the overall activities of an organization since the manager needs to find substitutes only at the last moments and may be forced to postpone certain activities which will reduce the productivity of the organization. Deviant behaviors such as breaking company rules and norms, turnover behavior such as slow adaptation to labor scheduling to cover lost productivity etc can affect the organization drastically. Making helpful comments during discussion, making notes (or other writing) to organize efforts, exhibits aggressive attention to detail, exhibits constant and effective creative thinking, exhibits leadership, skillful time management, punctual (starts work on time) works to end of time; doesnt knock off early doesnt wander or distract during work time etc are productive behaviors. (Productive Behaviors) An executive who is working in Production Planning Control (PPC) department of an organization is responsible for planning the entire production activities of a shift based on the inventory he has taken. If he fails to record the correct inventory his planning will go wrong and hence the entire production activities will be disturbed due to poor planning and the organization’s productivity in that shift will be reduced considerably. On the other hand another planning executive who is able to

The Causes of Occupational Stress and Its Effects on Overall Dissertation

The Causes of Occupational Stress and Its Effects on Overall Performance within Oil and Gas Industry - Dissertation Example Stress can be described as a reaction or feeling that an individual experiences. The examples of workplace stressor include being overworked and time pressures. It is a condition or difficult situation that disturb or is expected to upset the normal physiological functioning of an individual. It is the response of a body which is harmful in nature that tends to disturb its physiological equilibrium (Cooper & Et. Al., 2010). Response Based Stress Response based stress is the form of strain, pressure and tension. The approach of response based stress is to understand stress which appears to describe an intangible happening hence it can be analysed as outcome. In research terms, it can be explained as dependant variable, where the major hypothetical field is the sign of stress (Cooper & Et. Al., 2010). . Occupational Stress There is a negative upsetting experience within an individual in a workplace which is complex as well as dynamic process and directly or indirectly affects the physiological factors of individuals such as gastrointestinal disorders, mental trauma, musculoskeletal pain and cardiovascular diseases. It is risky to work in a stressful environment as it may be physically harmful which is called as symptom for psychological distress (Clarke & Cooper, 2004). According to National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, the number of cumulative trauma of the US employees has increased and there were large number of personal injuries in the United Kingdom. The cumulative trauma mentally affects a person due to continuous exposure to occupational stress (Clarke & Cooper, 2004). A various number of studies in the earlier days have shown that occupational stress has been considered as the prime risky aspect for mental illness among the workers in an occupation. It has been analysed by Stansfeld and Candy that combining high demands with low decision latitude along with high efforts with low rewards were eventually a factor which causes mental disorders (Stansfeld & Candy, 2006). Causes The cause of stress depends upon structure of the workplace and type of job that an individual does in an organisation. The stress is caused due to following reasons: Demand: The demand factor is the main cause for stress; it depends upon workload of an in dividual. The work can expose an individual to different physical risks such as fire, noise, chemicals and others. Control: An individual gets involved in making decision and influences others in a workplace. Relationship: The bad relationship with team members,

Radial Ball Bearing Material

Radial Ball Bearing Material You are tasked with selecting a material that is suitable for the balls in a radial ball bearing such as the one shown in Fig. 1. Radial ball bearings although intended primarily for radial loads, will also carry a certain amount of thrust.    Ball Figure 1 Ball bearing The following details are known in relation to radial ball bearing design: Youngs modulus should have a minimum of 200 GPa. The compressive strength should have a value à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ 300 MPa. The balls must not fail under load. It can be assumed that the contact stress can be modelled for a sphere on a flat (see Fig. 1). An assumption should be made that the material for the ball and the raceway are the same and therefore they have the same moduli and Poissons ratio has a value of 1/3. The balls should be light. Material selection process. This refers to selecting a material that meets all the constraints and objective below. Design requirements: Table 1 Table of design requirements Function   Suitable for balls in a radial ball bearing Constraints Youngs modulus must be greater than 200 Gpa. Compressive strength should not have a value of less than 300Mpa. (Assumption)Moduli and Poissons ratio being the same (ratio of ). Objectives The balls must not fail under load, contact should be modelled for a sphere on a flat. The balls should be light. Free variables Cross sectional area Material choice Mass of ball Below is a figure of all materials with a mechanical property (Youngs modulus greater than 200Gpa and Compressive strength greater than 300Mps) against density: Seen below is a table of the materials and their corresponding Youngs modulus. Table 2 Table of materials Name Youngs modulus (GPa) Tungsten carbides 625 700 Boron carbide 440 472 Silicon carbide 400 460 Alumina 343 390 Tungsten alloys 310 380 Aluminium nitride 302 348 Silicon nitride 290 318 Zirconia 200 250 Nickel-based super alloys 150 245 Nickel-chromium alloys 200 220 Nickel 190 220 Low alloy steel 205 217 Medium carbon steel 200 216 Low carbon steel 200 215 High carbon steel 200 215 Stainless steel 210 Although seen above, 16 values have passed the requirements so far, further analysis will be conducted, and this can be seen below; The below table illustrates the materials that meet the design requirements, the table is ranked based on Youngs modulus, from highest modulus to lowest. The Compressive strength of the material must also be considered, a minimum compressive strength of 300MPa must apply. The table below illustrates each materials Youngs modulus and corresponding compressive strength. Table 3 Materials with Youngs modulus and compressive strengths that meet design requirements (density also noted) Name Youngs modulus (GPa) Compressive strength (MPa) Tungsten carbides 625 700 3.35e3 6.83e3 Boron carbide 440 472 2.58e3 5.69e3 Silicon carbide 400 460 690 5.5e3 Alumina 343 390 690 5.5e3 Tungsten alloys 310 380 555 800 Aluminium nitride 302 348 1.97e3 2.5e3 Silicon nitride 290 318 524 5.5e3 Zirconia 200 250 3.6e3 5.2e3 Nickel-based super alloys 150 245 300 1.9e3 Nickel-chromium alloys 200 220 365 460 Nickel 190 220 70 1e3 Low alloy steel 205 217 400 1.5e3 Medium carbon steel 200 216 305 1.76e3 Low carbon steel 200 215 250 395 High carbon steel 200 215 335 1.16e3 Stainless steel 189 210 170 1e3 Below is a bubble chart of Youngs modulus versus compressive strength: Figure 2 Bubble chart of Youngs modulus of Compressive strength The above figure is on a logarithmic scale. Only materials that have passed the requirements were plotted. When surfaces are placed in contact they touch at one or a few discrete points. If the surfaces are loaded, the contacts flatten elastically and the contact areas grow until failure of some sort occurs. (Duffy, 2010) Compressive stress causes this. As the requirements state; should be modelled as a sphere on a flat, this allows the student to use following formulae (contact stresses); Figure 3 Sphere on a flat (Duffy, 2010) (Yield Stress)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The following is subbed in to produce the below: x x x x = = The mass of the sphere must be derived, this is done below; Where is density and is volume Volume of a sphere is denoted as: m= The student knows the objective is to minimise the mass of the ball, the derivation above is done on that basis and results in the equation being flipped above. From the material selection index above, the equation can be related in the logarithmic scale: = This results in: This now means the slope can be known to be = 0.222 The above value is known as an index line; Index lines can be used to compare the performance of different materials, and to find replacement materials. Materials that are on the line will all perform equally well in each design. Materials above the line have a higher performance index and will therefore perform better; those below the line have a lower index value. (Edupack, 2006) The below bubble chart illustrates the material selection process using the slope; Figure 4 Material selection with material index As seen from above, with a material index of 0.222 the following two materials passed (whole record is within the selection was used); Name Index slope =0.2222 Silicon nitride 6.55e101 Zirconia 1.66e100 As seen from above the materials are both ceramic. An additional chart plotting the materials costs can also be seen below; Figure 5 Price of selected material Figure 6 Price of selected material Pass only A table of the materials cost can also be seen below; Table 4 Table of costs Name Price(EUR/kg) Zirconia 17.1-24.7 Silicon nitride 32.3-49.4 (i) It has been identified that both Youngs modulus and compressive strength are important material properties when selectin ball bearings, below is a detailed summary of why each property is important; Youngs modulus refers to a materials elastic modulus. This determines the stiffness of a solid material. This is a proportional (constant) between stress as long as stress is less than the yield point. This results in a smaller strain with the same stress in a stiffer material. In relation to a ball bearing Youngs modulus of Silicon nitride is about 1.5 times that of steel, meaning a smaller contact surface is present when there is a high contact pressure. Hertz theory means the maximum load for combination steel- Silicon nitride reduced with 30%. In relation to the contact of the bearing we know it will be a sphere on a flat. The balls within a bearing are going to experience both an axial and radial force. If the force is too great for the material this may result in deformation (changing of shape). This affects the ball bearings ability to perform, this can be compared to as a wheel on a car, if it is flat may result in a pulling motion. If severe deformation occurred this may result in the bearing not allowing for rotation. This means that Youngs modulus is important when selecting materials for ball bearings. Youngs modulus mathematical representation; It is noted from CES EduPack that silicon nitride is used mostly for ball bearings the Youngs modulus is known to be; 290-318 GPa (Edupack, 2006) Compressive strength refers to a materials resistance to compressive stress. This is when a force is applied in an inwards direction in the material. It is opposite to tensile stress. As a ball bearing is going to have one point of contact, (below) compressive strength is an important element in choosing the material. This is due to the radial forces applied when the ball is in the raceway. Once again, if the radial force is greater than the materials compressive strength abilities this will result in deformation. This will affect the bearings performance. Compressive strength can be up to 10 times greater than tensile stress. Ceramic material has a good compressive strength due to crack propagation, since there are more internal cracks in ceramics (than most materials) if placed under tension cracks will propagate and produce failure where if it is placed under compression it works in the opposite manner. Compressive strength mathematical representation; It is noted from CES EduPack that silicon nitride is used mostly for ball bearings the compressive strength is known to be; 524-5.5e3 MPa   (Edupack, 2006) (ii) The other material properties of Silicon Nitride which lead to superior operating performance can be seen below; General properties Density3.1e3-3.4e3kg/m^3 Price*32.3-49.4EUR/kg Date first used1958 Mechanical properties Youngs modulus290-318GPa Shear modulus*100-128GPa Bulk modulus*210-232GPa Poissons ratio0.26-0.28 Yield strength (elastic limit)*600-720MPa Tensile strength600-720MPa Compressive strength524-5.5e3MPa Elongation0% strain Hardness Vickers1.4e3-1.6e3HV Fatigue strength at 10^7 cycles*300-500MPa Fracture toughness4-6. 7MPa.m^0.5 Mechanical loss coefficient (tan delta)*2e-5-5e-5 Thermal properties Melting point2.39e3-2.5e3 °C Maximum service temperature1e3-1.2e3 °C Minimum service temperature-272271 °C Thermal conductor or insulator?Good conductor Thermal conductivity22-30W/m. °C Specific heat capacity670-800J/kg. °C Thermal expansion coefficient3.2-3.6 µstrain/ °C Electrical properties Electrical conductor or insulator?Good insulator Electrical resistivity1e20-1e21 µohm.cm Dielectric constant (relative permittivity)7.9-8.1 Dissipation factor (dielectric loss tangent)*5e-4-7e-4 Dielectric strength (dielectric breakdown)*11-131000000 V/m Optical properties TransparencyTranslucent Refractive index1.95-2 Processability Moldability2-3 Weldability1-2 Eco properties Embodied energy, primary production116-128MJ/kg CO2 footprint, primary production4.63-5.12kg/kg RecycleRecycle (Edupack, 2006) The above characteristics result ceramic materials being the optimum material for ball bearings; High speed, faster acceleration this is because ceramics are only 40% as dense as steel. However, the material can deliver 30-50% higher running speeds with reduced skidding and less lubrication needed. Lighter in weight ceramic ball bearings are more rigid to that of steel ball bearings and lighter in weight.   This allows for lower coefficients and a higher overall RPM (rotation per minute) Greater accuracy since ceramics has 50% higher modulus of elasticity than steel. This means less of a deformation which leads to vibration and spindle deflection, this increases components productivity and quality. Reduced friction: benefits of this include: longer life, energy efficiency reduced noise levels, less heat and less lubrication needed. Non-conductive materials like Silicon nitride eliminate the pitting and fluting of raceways which ic common in electrical motor applications. If steel is used in bearings the electricity could cause magnetic field (EMF) and this could act as a conducted damaging the bearings over time. Ceramic materials are immune to EMF, which mean they perform well even when electricity is present. Corrosion resistance Silicon nitride; more effective than steel balls in the presence of liquids such as water or corrosive materials. Corrosion resistance can be enhanced when ceramic balls are used with dry fil, lubricant on the ring and retainer components. Longer operating life Up to 5 to 10 times longer than standard metal bearings. Higher temperature operation ceramic ball bearings can operate in high temperatures (up to 1,800  °F) Less noise and vibration due to a lower coefficient of friction (Ibsco, 2011) The two materials chose were Silicon Nitride and Zirconia. A brief description can be seen below outlining why the individual ceramic is the optimum choice; Silicon Nitride: This material contains high temperature capabilities, meaning it has a low thermal expansion coefficient which gives good thermal shock resistance compared to other ceramic materials. The material is up to 58% lighter than steel silicon (Carter, 2009). As the material is lighter it means a smaller force is needed to roll the element. The main advantage to this is that silicon nitride can carry similar loads to that of silicon steel with less force needed. Zirconia: Zirconia was made for high performance duties such as (atmospheric journeys). This means the material has the highest temperature ability. However, this material has a high thermal expansion (almost like steel) but weighs less so it does not have the same weight saving and thermal shock resistance found in other ceramic materials. (Carter, 2009) Zirconia is used when low loads are applied or when high temperature capabilities are needed (corrosive too). (iii) Porosity refers to a measure of void (empty spaces in a material) and is a fraction of the volume of voids over the total volume between 0% and 100% (Quora, 2003) Technical ceramics do not have open porosity. To achieve porosity manufacturing process must be done (use of additives). This then allows closed and open pores to be created, ranging from nm to  µm. Porosity can have various effects on the mechanical properties of ceramics (as chosen). The following properties are effected: Compressive strength Density Fatigue Youngs modulus Fracture toughness Shear modulus Tensile strength Any residual porosity will influence elastic properties and strength. For some materials, the magnitude of the modulus of elasticity E decreases with volume fraction per; It is known that porosity affects flexural strength as it reduces cross-sectional area. It also results in pores acting as stress concentrates. (Duffy, 2010) (iv) Below is a completed table for ceramic materials having 20vol% porosity. This is done by using the following; The below calculation for silicon nitride is done for clarity; ) = 199.424 GPa Where is the modulus of elasticity and is the porosity volume. Table 5 Ceramic materials with 20vol% Material Modulus of Elasticity GPa Porosity at 20vol% E(20%) Porosity GPa Silicon nitirde 304 0.2 199.424 Zirconia 205 0.2 134.48 Silicon carbide 345 0.2 226.32 Aluminum oxide 393 0.2 257.808 Glass-ceramic 120 0.2 78.72 Mullite 145 0.2 95.12 Spinel 260 0.2 170.56 Magnesium oxide 225 0.2 147.6 Fused silica 73 0.2 47.888 Soda-lime glass 69 0.2 45.264 As seen from the above, silicon nitride is the ceramic material resulting in a modulus of elasticity when having a porosity volume of 20%. References Carter, 2009. Carter. [Online] Available at: http://www.carterbearings.co.uk/unasis/hybrid-and-ceramic-bearings/ceramic-matericals-and-their-properties-part-2/[Accessed Saturday Feburary 2017]. Duffy, J., 2010. Moodle. [Online] Available at: http://moodle.itb.ie/pluginfile.php/115304/mod_resource/content/0/CES%20EduPack%20-%20USEFUL%20SOLUTIONS%20to%20COMMON%20PROBLEMS%202008%20-%2001Jan13.pdf[Accessed Wednesday Feburary 2017]. Edupack, C., 2006. s.l.: s.n. Ibsco, 2011. Ibsco. [Online] Available at: http://www.ibsco.com/ceramic-ball-bearings.php[Accessed Saturday Feburary 2017]. Quora, 2003. Quora. [Online] Available at: 2017[Accessed Wednesday Feburary 2017].