Study On Preparing Financial Plans For The Company Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2193 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? The business plan consists of a narrative and several financial worksheets. The real value of creating a business plan is not in having the finished product in hand; rather, the value lies in the process of researching and thinking about your business in a systematic way. The act of planning helps you to think things through thoroughly, study and research if you are not sure of the facts, and look at your ideas critically. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study On Preparing Financial Plans For The Company Finance Essay" essay for you Create order It takes time now, but avoids costly, perhaps disastrous, mistakes later. In this case the cash and carry company Bailey Wholesale owned by 4 young directors for last 20 years. The company is not listed on the stock exchange. Two of the directors work in the company, one as a Chief Executive and other as Chief Financial Officer, the other 2 are not employed in the company. Currently the company owns the branches in UK mainly in Midlands. In the next 4 years the company wishes to open more branches in UK and Mumbai. Cash inflow means the money which business is generating from its operation. Normally cash is coming in from receipts from sales, increase in bank loan; proceed of share issue and asset disposal. If customers dont pay at time of purchase, some of your cash flow is coming from collections of accounts receivable. From the company cash inflow forecasts it is clear that company is generating money from its operations. The figures gradually increasing from 2011 to 2014 to meet its liabilities. If more money is coming in than is going out, you are in a positive cash flow situation and you have enough to pay your bills. If more cash is going out than coming in, you are in danger of being overdrawn, and you will need to find money to cover your overdrafts. This is why new businesses typically need working capital, in the form of a loan or line of credit, to cover shortages in cash flow. The problem we can see from this forecast cash flow statement is that company total outflow is greater than total inflow. SHORT FALL The actual return will be less than the expected return, or, more properly, the return needed to meet ones investment goals. The cash flow needs constant monitoring and planning to make sure you always have enough ready cash to meet your costs on time. Unless your cash flow is managed effectively and any shortfalls anticipated in advance, even profitable businesses can find themselves in serious financial difficulties. Although business is generating money but that money is not enough to meet its liabilities. As we can see from above forecast graph the company shortfall is increasing and in 2014 the shortfall rises up to 7 million. CONCLUSION: As shown in graph, there will be deficit during the years. The total outflow (XXIII) is greater than total inflow (XXII). Solution to the above can be in terms of higher retained profit, by reducing dividend rate or additional debt funding. Since return on capital (XXVI) is higher than cost of debt funding (XXVIII), retaining profit with reduced dividend rate will be the good option. TASK II The company is intending a significant investment in net asset in the next 4 years. Explain how the company could calculate its cost of capital and then use this figures to determine whether the investment will increase shareholder wealth. The cost of capital is defined as the rate of return that providers of capital demand to compensate them for both the risk and time value of their money. The cost of capital is specific to each particular type of capital a company uses. At the highest level these are the cost of equity and the cost of debt, but each class of shares, each class of debt securities, and each loan will have its own cost. It is possible to combine these to produce a single number for a companies cost of capital, the WACC. Cost of equity The cost equity, often referred to as the required rate of return on equity, is most commonly estimated using capital asset pricing model. It is also implicitly estimated when using valuation ratios, as differences in the cost of equity is a key component of differences in the ratings at which different companies and sectors trade. A company may have several classes of shares, in which case each will have its own required rate of return. Their weighted average is the cost of equity. Cost of debt The cost of debt can be estimated in a similar manner to equities. It is also common to compare yield spreads with other similar securities, which roughly corresponds to the use of valuation ratios for equities. Estimating the cost of capital for unlisted debt is more difficult. It is also an important problem because most companies, including almost all listed companies, have significant amounts of unlisted debt. One approach is to estimate the cost of the debt by comparing it to the yield on the most similar listed debt. If necessary rates can be adjusted for term and riskiness. If the debt has been recently issued or is repayable on demand it is reasonable to assume that it is worth close to its book value, and therefore the cost of debt is simply the nominal interest rate. The same applies if the debt pays a floating interest rate and there has been no significant change in its riskiness since it was borrowed. INVESTMENT ASSESMENT TOOLS: Following are four basic tools which are in practice throughout the world Accounting rate of return (ARR): calculated by dividing average profit by average investment as a percentage. It is often used internally because it can measure the performance of the project and help in selecting the project. It is rarely used by the investors because this based on numbers that includes non cash items and it does not take into account the time value of money. Payback period (PP): is the time taken to recover the initial investment. Net present value (NPV): is the difference between the sum of the discounted cash flow which are expected from the investment and the amount which is initially invested. NPV is used to calculate the value an investment will result in. If NPV is positive the project should be undertaken. Internal rate of return (IRR): is the rate of return that makes the sum of present value of future cash flows and the final market value of an investment equal its curr ent market value. The cost of capital (XXIX) is greater than % cost of debt funding (XXVIII). The total investment require during the next 4 years is As company is intend to open more branches in UK and Mumbai. The investment during the next four years is 45 million (10m+10m+10m+15m). DEBT FUNDING PLAN The total debt funding planned for next 4 years is The total debt funding planned to open new branches is 18 million (4m+4m+4m+6m). The percentage of long term debt to net asset is 40%. ADDITIONAL RETURN: The total additional return require to open new branches is The total additional return of business from its operation is 16million (1m+3m+4m+8m) and percentage of additional return on additional investment is 35.56%. SHAREHOLDER WEALTH: Recently investors are showing increase interest in share holder values. The most popular measure for value-based is Economic Value Added (EVA). The theory of Economic Value Added suggested that companys aim should be to maximize the wealth of its shareholders because they expect a good return on their investment. Proponents for EVA regard this concept as an important management tool without highlighting its drawbacks. On the other hand, very little criticism has come about that has dealt with the problems of EVA, and the criticism that has come about has kept to fairly insignificant details (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p. 1). The basic concept of EVA is that a companys shareholders must get the return that compensates the risk taken i.e if the value of EVA is 0, shareholders should be happy. The calculation of EVA will give the same results as Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) or Net Present Value (NPV), both of which are considered as best analysis tools for determining shareholder value. They include time value of money, cost of equity and are protected from common accounting distortions; however, they are solely based on cash flows and hence cant be used for performance evaluation (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p. 3). EVA as a Performance Measure: The firm should have a positive NPV to attract shareholders i-e the projects internal rate of return should be higher than the cost of capital. The internal rate of return cannot be estimated by practical performance measuring and thus some other tool should be used to estimate the rate of return to capital (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p.5). Although the ROR is some form of ROI; however, the problem is that no accounting rate of return can produce an accurate estimate of the underlying true rate of return (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p. 5). These accounting errors also have an effect on EVA like other performance measuring tools, however it is still widely used for this purpose because in addition to measuring performance this help the management and employees to understand the cost of equity capital (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p. 12) EVA vs. Traditional Performance Measures Conceptually, EVA is superior to all other performance measures because it realizes the cost of capital and, hence, the riskiness of a firms operations (Lehn Makhija 1996, p. 34). Additionally, EVA has been developed so that maximization of shareholder value can have a target set to it. Traditional measures such as IRR and ROI do not work in the same way as EVA. The maximization of any accounting rate or accounting profit will inevitably lead to undesirable outcome. NPV vs. IRR Both are performance measuring tool for a business but the main difference is that NPV is the cash valve where as IRR is the percentage return on the capital. Hence NPV is a tool for investors to predict the return on their capital and IRR does the same for the business manager. NPV is a good tool to access the returns on long term investment where as IRR is better in accessing the short term projects. Return On Equity (ROE) ROE suffers from the same shortcomings as ROI as it does not include risk and hence there is no comparison. Simply increasing leverage can increase ROE causing a more severe shortcoming than ROI because the company cannot tell if shareholder wealth is being created or destroyed by the level of ROE. Earnings per Share (EPS) Simply investing more capital into the company raises EPS. If additional capital is cash flow, the EPS will rise if the rate of return on the invested capital is positive. If the additional capital is debt then the EPS will rise if the rate of return of the invested capital is just above the cost of debt (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p. 18). However, invested capital is usually a mix of debt and equity (cash flow) and the EPS will rise only if the rate of return on the invested capital is somewhere in between the cost of debt zero. Therefore, EPS is not a good determinant of corporate performance and remains a common bonus base (Mà ¤kelà ¤inen 1998, p. 18). CONCLUSION Since the cost of debt funding is less than the cost of capital, investment with debt funding will improve shareholders wealth. TASK III Calling upon finance theory critically appraise the companys policy on long term borrowing. In your answer make clear what factors the company should consider in order to decide whether 40% gearing is either a safe or optimal level of long term borrowing. Gearing refers to the relationship between long term borrowings to owners equity. In simple terms it tell us what proportion of long term finance came from loans and what from share holder. Its a sign of firm exposure to financial risk. This shows how much the company owes (debt) compared to its size (equity) and is calculated by dividing total borrowings (current and long term) by net assets and is expressed as a percentage. Greater a gearing greater is the risk. Financing a business through borrowing is cheaper than using equity because lender requires low rate of return then share hol ders and profitable business pays effectively less for debt capital than equity. Gearing is one of the most significant factors to consider before investing and creditors of the business look carefully at a companys gearing ratio before offering a loan. If the business is already highly geared there is high risk of being unable to meet interest charges and repaid the loan. Financing cost: interest on loan, greater the borrowing greater the interest paid and for longer. This takes major part of operating profit and effect directly on bottom line. Now a days issue of gearing is not in spotlight because interest rate is 0.5%, which mean financial cost is very low and has less impact on companies which are highly geared. But in the feature this will not remain same as interest rate increase in medium term due to high inflation and have direct impact on operating profit of the high geared companies.

Human Resources Training And Development - 2191 Words

Human Resources Training and Development Emma Perry Saint Augustine’s University Introduction Training and development are two very important components of human resources within an organization. The main objection of human resources training and development is to ensure that there is an availability of skilled and trained workers for an organization. An organization’s strategies for training and development can have an effect on the organization’s performance. Training and development helps to make sure that workers have the knowledge and skills to perform their jobs to the best of their ability. When employees are happy, trained, and motivated they can provide quality service or quality products for their organization. Training and Development Defined According to an article in the reference for business encyclopedia, â€Å"training and development is the formal, ongoing efforts of organizations to improve the performance and self-fulfillment of their employees through a variety of methods and programs† (Training and Development, n.d.). Goldstein and Gilliam (1990) also state, that â€Å"worker development and training is an effort to improve upcoming worker performance by increasing an employee’s capability to perform† (Goldstein Gilliam, 1990). Training and development have different processes but they are intertwined. The process of training is short termed and development is the long term process that gradually develops. Training andShow MoreRelatedThe Human Resource Development Partner And Training Manager1564 Words   |  7 PagesAs the human resource development partner and training manager, I was contacted by JetBlue to develop a detailed lesson plan for their newest addition to their family. 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This gives a space to think about new methods of public servants in relation to its customers aimed at improving the delivery of services

The Use of Physical Space in Architecture Free Essays

Physical infinite The term environment is burdensome to cover with when trying to definite it briefly. However as Caldwell ( 1980 ) assert â€Å"everyone understands the term but cipher is able to specify it† . One needs to be sedulous, both in identify and curtailing it range because it circumscribe anything from the biosphere to the smallest animal ( Ladan, 2009 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Physical Space in Architecture or any similar topic only for you Order Now The environment on an international graduated table is given by the wide scopes of issue being addressed globally. It includes sustainable usage of natural resources, biodiversity, and outstanding natural heritage, protection of the ozone bed, atmosphere, clime, and quality of life, safeguarding of human wellness and therefore doing environmental construction and infinites handiness to all. With a broader position, the environment encompasses the physical, economic, cultural, aesthetic and societal infinites. For this thesis work, accent shall be on the physical infinite, which is an built-in portion of the environment. The physical infinite here refers to the built environment. The position of designers and metropolis interior decorators are such that the physical environment, to a big extent is referred to as the reinforced environment. Ahianaba, Dimuna and Okungun ( 2008 ) stated that, construct environment is the edifices and infinites between them. There is a relationship and interaction between the edifices and the infinites. The reinforced environment in many developing states is going increasingly worse. Peculiarly Nigeria built environment is in a province of desperation. Harmonizing to World Bank ( 2005 ) , a batch of factors are therefore accountable to the deteriorating position of Nigerian built environment. Unplanned metropolis design attacks, rural-urban migration, rapid urbanisation, regular economic downswings, neglect of urban housework, rot of urban substructures, to call but a few of them. Another important discouraging factor of the Nigerian urban built environment is non-compliance with constructing bye-laws and ordinances. This inatten tiveness consequences continually brings traffic hurt, dehumanisation and overturns the civic pride ( Ahianaba et al. , 2008 ) . Ahianaba et al. , ( 2008 ) further argues that in the formation of any environment, the physical environment is considered as the most of import built-in. The physical environment helps organisms, persons and at big, the public a direct contact and interaction. This interaction and relationship are largely obvious and existent. The relationship between human wellness and the physical infinite can’t be over-emphasised. An improved lodging system with handiness for all characteristics, good sanitation, recreational installations, and environmental hygiene could put a gait for an enabling built environment. The issues of overcrowding, slums development and homesteader colony, all have negative influences on our built environment. One of the focal point of this research work is to grok how a individual quandary i.e. an architectural design in the reinforced environment is keeping the people from really personal to economic domain of life. In an effort to unknot this individual design hindrance, we need to holistically look at the Nigeria built environment. It is non a far fetch truth that developed states are seeking and recommending remodelling of old edifices and increasing handiness characteristics in new edifices to carter for the turning handicapped and elderly public. ( ADA 2010 ; Equality Act 2010 ; ILO 2002 ; UNCRPD 2006 ) . In Nigeria context as enunciated by Ahianba ( 2008 ) , Nigeria built environment is fast decaying. A putrefy built environment can therefore non concentrate on handiness characteristic, her precedence will be how to acquire out the present province of desperation. The Nigeria built environment, deteriorating as a consequence of rural built environment missing proviso of basic comfortss. Where this comfortss are provided, they are unequal and do non work efficaciously due to laxness of relevant Nigeria governments. This has led to high rate of rural-urban migration. The urban infinite, hence has to postulate with overcrowding, substandard lodging system. As a consequence of this migration displacement from rural infinite to urban infinite, force per unit areas are on designers and metropolis interior decorators to carter for the pullulating migrating public. Nigeria characterised of an unplanned physical infinite, has two issues to face with. Suiting the new urban inhabitant and how efficaciously they will take part in the degenerating â€Å"unplanned† urban infinite. Ahianba et al. , ( 2008 ) , posit that â€Å"to better our built environment, there should be proviso of basic infrastructural comfortss, standard lodging, decrease of ove rcrowding, good sanitation and conformity with edifice bye-laws and regulation† Nigeria urban infinite is overcrowded as a consequence of addition in her population and deficient lodging. Lagos, Ibadan, kano, Enugu, Benin metropolis etc. , are Nigeria high denseness urban metropoliss. The ratio of tenancy per room in urban infinites is every bit high as 1:6 or 1:10 ( Federal Offices of Statics, 2001 ) . Overcrowding of Nigeria public infinite causes environmental pollution, deteriorate professional and societal services, destroys the beaches, recreational installations and Parkss, etc. ( Dubos, 1967 ) . The overcrowding issues of our urban infinite restraint the authorities into looking at the how the public infinites could be accessible and functional for her senior citizen as they age. Government range is being limited to how to decide the overcrowding. Disability and handiness as a societal issue ( Gleeson 1993 ; Oliver 1996 ) is a job that has a societal and wellness effects ( Asbell 1975 ; Chombant 1979 ) .The United Nation ( 1975 ) believes that African li ves in brooding and interact in a public infinite that is parlous and a cause of human indignity. This is largely reflected in Nigeria lodging system, which sometimes lacks conventional and natural airing, illuming and sunlight shading devices, buffers to cut down noise pollution and walkers for walk-way way of her people. These issues can’t be over-emphasised, they are indispensable aspect of comfy life. The urban infinites are non planned, it is a merchandise of â€Å"grown† development. It sprang and developed from small towns and trade station. However, they still retain their disused semi-permanent edifices. These are grounds for Nigeria edifices, jumping up randomly, roads are narrow, colony are homesteaders, addition rate of slum development, seamy environment, deficient traffic marks, etc. The hapless airing in Nigerian edifice designs causes her citizens to kip outside during dry season. Their house are either non good cross-ventilated or being block by another house or fencing. World Health Organisation nucleus map includes publicity of good lodging, enabling public infinites which must be environmentally hygienic ( WHO, 1946 ) . Borrowing from Osuide ( 2004 ) , one of the cardinal self-respect, physical and mental wellness, is holding a safe topographic point to brood. Odomudu ( 1987 ) and Sarinen ( 1966 ) argues that a good home and a functional public infinite esca late the well-being and aspiration of the people because the dwelling topographic point and public infinites are where domestic and personal map of each persons takes topographic points. The physical and mental wellness of a individual depends greatly on his or her environment. An person and his or her place are centerpiece of society ( Aihana et al. , 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Ahianba et al. , ( 2008 ) , to accomplish a functional and healthier built environment, on a Nigeria context, based on her present built environment quandary. Creation of aesthetics values, fancify the urban environment, good landscape gardening and ocular satisfying unfastened infinites should be integrated into the design strategy of designers and metropolis interior decorators. Advocating of an equal urban and rural colony, which should be conceptualised in an orderly manner manner of a good professionals be aftering. Government policies should be re-evaluated with a possibility for amendment and new Torahs or Acts of the Apostless emanating and rigorous conformity with bing edifice jurisprudence. Non-compliance with Nigeria constructing bye-laws and ordinances is one of the indispensable factor responsible for Nigeria disintegrating built environment ( Ahianba et al. , 2008 ) . In the sub subdivision of this chapter, it holistically looks at Nigeria constructing by e-laws and ordinances with the position that if the jurisprudence is being purely adhere to, possibly, it will further better the quality of Nigeria built environment and possibly, accessible to all her people. The town planning regulations and Torahs are being violated, which resulted to improper planning of the environment. In the creative activity of a reinforced environment, the issue of lodging is non an exceeding. Salama ( 2006 ) argues that lodging is the platform for the creative activity of life environment for adult male and his family.it cater for his psychological and societal development. The issue of handiness in a adult male ‘s house ca n’t be overemphasized because lodging transcend the physical dimension of shelter proviso for adult male but it encompasses the general environment within the edifice, which avail societal services and infrastructural services for optimal satisfaction of the utilizing public. Housing as a entire environment in which adult male lives and turn, should hold handiness characteristic included at the abrasion of the architectural design and non improvised at building or usage phase. The handiness issue therefore correlative between the quality of life and the quality of the physical environment in which 1s lives. Housing signifiers in Nigeria have over the old ages wear a enormous alterations in content, signifier, construction and spacial planning as a consequence of architecture.in our delicate planet, alteration is the lone changeless thing. This changes harmonizing to sa’ad and ogunsusi ( 1996 ) have unerasable effects on the life styles of Nigerians and it therefore affects their orientation of the physical infinite. Housing as a contemplation of cultural, societal and economic values of any society as to be given proper consideration of planning and governmental policy should be geared toward achieving a humane and antiphonal environment. Housing which is a signifier of shelter and a larger portion of any states built environment, is one of the basic necessity of man’s being. Olotuah ( 1997a, 2002a ) argues that the insufficiency of lodging threatens the very footing of his beings. It enhances the public assistance, societal engagement and productiveness of adult male. The United Nation ( 1971 ) adopted that every citizens deserve an entree to adequate lodging without any hinderance whatsoever. The UN ( 1971 ) and by its indorsement in 1976 by 131 other states, was bore out of the fortunes of the demand to better the lodging criterion and insufficiency of the nation’s hapless bulk. Her cardinal purpose is the proviso of appropriate lodging within the economic range of the bulk of the public. Nigeria is a party to this pact but yet Nigeria authorities still finds it difficult to supply an enabling environment for lodging proviso, allow entirely an accessible lodging for her people. ( Olotuah, 2002a ) . The Nigerian authorities lodging programmes have non been able to fit the lifting public. It been left to the custodies of the private sectors. In Nigeria today, the private sector provide the majority of the lodging stock which do non hold handiness characteristic because their designs are non socially oriented but net income oriented ( Olotuah, 2009 ) . For this ground vast of the public will non look out for handiness characteristics in the edifice, instead will see how the lodging stock could be increased to run into the high demand. It is the sentiment of the research worker that every bit much as there is a diminution in the Nigeria lodging stock. Introduction of accessible characteristic in new designs and an effort to reconstruct bing constructions, will non incur an excess cost of building but it will assist advance the United Nations ( 1979 ) acceptance. Furthermore, doing the Nigeria built environment friendlier and less discriminatory to the people of different capablenes ss, which do hold their ain socio-economic values to the economic system of the state. The Nigerian designers have a great function to play in face-lifting of our reinforced environment. The quality of human home ground is a cardinal architectural issue in achieving a humane and antiphonal environment ( Olotuah, 2009 ) . The architectural design must be in such a manner that it improves the quality of the human environment through an orderly development of the human environment. How to cite The Use of Physical Space in Architecture, Essay examples

Growing Dependence of Humans on Electronic Machines and Gadgets

Question: Discuss about the Growing Dependence of Humans on Electronic Machines and Gadgets. Answer: Introduction The purpose of the following research paper is to find out the relation and impact of the growing dependency of the human beings on the electronic machines and gadgets and how does it affect their mental health and wellbeing as well as physical health. Without the technology, life becomes crippled in the twenty first century (Hill, 2017). Electronic gadgets are a part of the technological revolution. Mobile phones, tablets, laptops, etc. are the mostly used gadgets in everyday life (Gani, 2017). However, experts also say that, the growing dependency on the gadgets have both positive and negative impacts on the mental and physical health of the people. The gadgets are making life easier but the social interactions are reduced due to these gadgets and peoples health is affected too (Rahmah, 2015). Problem statement/ knowledge gap The problem statement of this research paper focuses on the impact of the growing dependency of the people on the electronic machines and gadgets and its effect on the well being of the people and on the children. Type of research The research that will be undertaken for this paper will be quantitative research. Primary and secondary data will be collected and those will be analyzed quantitatively to get a scientifically relevant solution. Significance This paper aims to find out how much people have become dependent on the electronic gadgets and how it affects their well being. This study would be helpful for future research on a relevant topic and would also help in finding out more ways to improve quality of life through the adoption of the positive impacts of electronic gadgets. Research objectives The objectives of the research paper are: To critically analyze the impact of digital tools on the human beings To evaluate the dependency of the children on the electronic gadgets and its impact on them To find out and examine the negative impact of the gadgets on human health To assess the addiction of people towards the electronic gadgets Research questions What is the overall impact of the electronic gadgets on the daily life of people? How the children are dependent on the electronic gadgets and what are the impacts on them? What are the negative impacts of the dependency on the electronic gadgets on the human health? Literature review: Electronic devices or Gadgets The term gadget means the portable electronic devices, which are part of one or more of the following categories: gaming consoles, MP3 players mobile phones or various other wireless enabled devices (Lee, 2005). It has been found that globally the smartphone users have crossed the mark of one billion users in the year 2012 (Emarketer, 2014). Thus, the penetration of mobile phones will increase from 61.1% to 69.4% between 2013 and 2017 (Abu-Tair Abu-Shanab, 2014). Already electronic gadgets have turned out to be in extensive use by people of all age groups, but in case of young generation electronic gadgets and technology has a substantial stake in their educational as well as social lives. They are exposed to various electronic gadgets or devices since childhood like video games, computer, Internet, cell phones and various other forms of technology (Nakel Naval, 2015). Impact of Digital Tools on Humans In past few decades, the relationship of human beings with information and communication technologies has turned out to be quite intimate. For example, Smartphones have become an inseparable companion of humans with a huge list of apps, smart appliances, wearables, which allows generation, storage as well as collection of large volumes of data regarding each and every aspect of life. There are large number of people who are using electronic gadgets or life hacks due to social, health related or economic reasons or just because of sheer curiosity and personal enjoyment (Sharon, 2016). A rise in the dependence on electronic gadgets is casting negative impact on several talents, for example, mathematical intuitions. It also makes people lazy. For example, it has been seen that the quality of handwriting of human beings has seen a decline due to heavy usage of computer keyboards. People have become highly dependent on cell phones instead of their personal memory to store the telephone numbers as well as other information. Although these gadgets and devices prove to be very useful, they are simultaneously triggering an alarm because humans are losing analytical capability as well as professional intuition (Means Mubarak, 2012). Dependency and Impact of Electronic Gadgets on Children Large number of children is seen to be hooked to television, computers, tablets or mobile phones watching favourite shows or playing games instead of playing outdoors. In the past two decades the frequency of watching television has grown twice. Obesity is considered to be a major issue, which is found gripping children who use more electronic gadgets. These kids avoid all kinds of physical activity and prefer spending their time with electronic gadgets. A child using more of electronic gadgets, will not be using their skills and knowing their capabilities (Deepak, 2016). Negative Effect of Electronic on Human Health Although technology has had positive effects on society, it is also casting severe negative impacts as well on human health. Electronic gadgets cause physical strains as excessive texting as well as swiping in case of smartphones and tablets results in inflated tendons, index fingers, and in thumb joints, pain in wrist, weakness of the grip over a prolonged usage of these devices. Excessive use of handheld devices like tables, cell phones or gaming consoles results in poor postures (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). The artificial light from the mobile phones or tablets hinders the pineal glands and it stops producing melatonin, a hormone, which stabilises the human bodys circadian rhythm or commonly known as 24-hour biological clock. Increase in stress, depression in men and women as well as sleeping disorders are common. Addiction to video games causes repetitive strain injuries and its prolonged use causes sedentary lifestyle, resulting in obesity. Moreover, radiations by some gadgets might increase the risk of cancer (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). Electronic Device Addiction Electronic Device Addiction can be called as a kind of behavioural addiction in which man-made machines interactions are involved. In this decade, there has been huge evolution in the field of mobile phones, emerging as smart phones as well as they are incorporated with social media and is the leading addictive electronic gadget (Subba et al., 2013). Mobile phone addiction has been described by psycho analysts as award seeking behaviour. Mainly the young population is seen to be pre-occupied with electronic gadgets mainly the mobile phones (Griffiths, 2015). Research design and methods Research methodology refers to the systematic plan for conducting the research (Alvesson Skldberg, 2017). In this research study, the researcher needs to address the research questions by collecting the data and evaluating them by using a scientific approach. Hence, research approach, design, data collection and analysis process are the subject matter of research methodology. In the current study, the researcher will choose the interpretivism philosophy as the topic deals with a social phenomenon (Potrac, Jones Nelson, 2014). Research design focuses on the overall strategy of the research. There are two major types of research design: exploratory and explanatory. Exploratory research design is the process that deals with a problem, which was not explored earlier. This process studies the problem in details, establishes the priorities, develops the definitions and improves the final designs. On the other hand, explanatory research design addresses a known issue in a more detailed manner to explain other aspects (Creswell, 2014). In this paper, the researcher will choose explanatory method of research as the topic has been explored before. The case study approach will be applied to address the topic. Case study approach is helpful to evaluate the bigger picture through a small sample (Zainal, 2017). It helps in taking a sample for the data collection and analysis and evaluating the problem based on that. Population Since the research is based on the digital tool addiction, hence, according to the researcher, the customers of an electronics store would be the best population for survey. This group of customers consists of new and existing customers. The customer base of Best Buy would be helpful as it is an electronics store and the trend of electronics goods purchase might provide some insight for the research. Sampling approach and sample size A sample size of 50 people will be chosen through simple random sampling. These 50 people will be chosen from the customer base of Best Buy Australia. Simple random sampling is a probability sampling where each customer has the equal probability of being chosen. As the customer base is homogenous in terms of nature, hence this sampling method will be used. This helps in minimizing the systematic bias (Rossi, Wright Anderson, 2013). Survey design A survey questionnaire will be prepared by the researcher himself and will be handed out to 50 random customers during the billing. The questionnaire would contain 5 close ended questions and 3 open ended interview questions. The questions will be well designed and based on level of usage of electronic gadgets. Constructs, Operationalization and measurement levels Creations based on observations are called constructs. The indicators and dimensions of digital tools addiction are the constructs of this paper. Developing the methods for measuring the data and reaching to a conclusion is the operationalization process. In this case, ordinal measurement levels will be used to find out the ranking of the variables. Qualitative measurement is possible in ordinal measurement (Covin Miller, 2014). Mode of Data collection The researcher will be collecting both the primary and secondary data for this research study. Primary data is the one, which is collected directly from the field of study and secondary data is the one that is collected from already published sources (Beer Faulkner, 2014). In this research study, the researcher will conduct a survey, focusing on the digital tools addiction and its impacts on the adults and children. For the secondary data, the researcher will look for the data on health problems, mental issues, and the usage of electronic goods in daily lives. For that, the official websites of WHO and other international health organizations and various health and technology journals will be explored by the researcher. The official sales data of Best Buy Australia will also be taken to get an idea about the sales of electronics goods. Analytic method The quantitative data analysis process will be used in this paper. The researcher will analyze the primary data by using scientific methods, such as statistical tools of correlation, regression, and frequency calculation. This minimizes any biasness and fluctuation in the observation (Treiman, 2014). The secondary data and the interview responses will be used to validate the results of primary data analysis. Type of Contribution In this research paper, the researcher will perform empirical analysis and hence will do empirical contribution. The effects of a potential moderator variable on the nature of the relationship between the constructs will be examined in this contribution (Burtch, Ghose Wattal, 2016). Limitations and conclusion The primary limitation of this research study is the small size of the sample. It is not possible for the researcher to collect interview and survey responses from a huge population, as this would make the study robust, complex and time consuming. The data on the effects on children could also be ambiguous as the children might not be able answer the survey questions accurately. Technology is producing large number of electronic gadgets and devices to make our lives easier and better. Invention of new technology leads to higher level of dependence of younger generation on these gadgets resulting in addiction amongst them. This is a behavioural addiction, which brings about negative impacts on human health. There can be issues like headaches, depression, obesity and anxiety due prolonged use of gadgets and this affects the lifestyle. Thus, it becomes all the more necessary to analyse the real time impact of growing dependency on electronic gadgets. References Hill, D. (2017). On the importance of the imaginative forward glance.Endeavour. Gani, S. A. (2017, May). Parenting Digital Natives: Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Developmental Challenges. InInternational Conference on Education(pp. 870-880). Rahmah, A. (2015). Digital Literacy Learning System for Indonesian Citizen.Procedia Computer Science,72, 94-101. Alvesson, M., Skldberg, K. (2017).Reflexive methodology: New vistas for qualitative research. Sage. Potrac, P., Jones, R., Nelson, L. (2014).Interpretivism(pp. 31-41). London: Routledge. Zainal, Z. (2017). Case study as a research method.Jurnal Kemanusiaan,5(1). Creswell, J. W. (2014).A concise introduction to mixed methods research. Sage Publications. Rossi, P. H., Wright, J. D., Anderson, A. B. (Eds.). (2013).Handbook of survey research. Academic Press. Covin, J. G., Miller, D. (2014). International entrepreneurial orientation: Conceptual considerations, research themes, measurement issues, and future research directions.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,38(1), 11-44. Beer, A., Faulkner, D. (2014). How to use primary and secondary data.Chapters, 192-209. Treiman, D. J. (2014).Quantitative data analysis: Doing social research to test ideas. John Wiley Sons. Burtch, G., Ghose, A., Wattal, S. (2016). Secret admirers: An empirical examination of information hiding and contribution dynamics in online crowdfunding.Information Systems Research,27(3), 478-496. Abu-Tair, H. Abu-Shanab, E., 2014. Mobile Government Services: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Technology Diffusion, 5(1), pp.17-25. Deepak, S., 2016. Addiction to gadgets increasing. The Hindu, 3 June. Emarketer, 2014. Smartphone Users Worldwide Will Total 1.75 Billion in 2014. [Online] Available at: https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Smartphone-UsersWorldwide-Will-Total-175-Billion-2014/1010536 [Accessed 6 October 2017]. Lee, D., 2005. Womens creation of camera phone Cultue. The Fibreculture Journal., (6). Means, R.S. Mubarak, S.A., 2012. How to Estimate with RSMeans Data: Basic Skills for Building Construction. John Wiley Sons. Nakel, M.P. Naval, S., 2015. Study of Impact and Dependency of Electronic Gadgets on Health Life Style of Students -A Comparative Study Among Youth Population in MGM Campus, Aurangabad. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 6(5), pp.2174-78. Sharon, T., 2016. Self-Tracking for Health and the Quantified Self : Rearticulating autonomy, solidarity and authenticiuty in an age of personalised helathcare. Philosphy Technology, 30(1). Subba, S., Mandelia, C., PataK, V. Reddy, D., 2013. Ringxiety and the Mobile Phone Usage Pattern among the Students of aMedical College in South India. Journal of Clinica and Diagnostic Research, 7(2), pp.205-09. Greenlifetsyle, 2014. The Negative Effects of Electronics on Human Health. greenlifestylemarket, 11 July. Griffiths, M.D., 2015. Internet addiction: Fact or fiction?. The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychology Society, 12, pp.246-50. Growing Dependence of Humans on Electronic Machines and Gadgets Question: Discuss about theGrowing Dependence of Humans on Electronic Machines and Gadgets. Answer: Introduction An electronic gadget is a small tool or a machine that performs specific function and is often believed to be a novelty. There is no work as such that can be done without taking assistance from electronic machines or gadgets. This literature review thus critically analyses the growing dependence of human beings on electronic machines as well as gadgets by analysing the previous research conducted in this field. Literature Review Electronic devices or Gadgets The term gadget means the portable electronic devices which are part of one or more of the following categories: gaming consoles, MP3 players mobile phones or various other wireless enabled devices (Lee, 2005). It has been found that globally the smartphone users have crossed the mark of one billion users in the year 2012 (Emarketer, 2014). It is expected that in the global electronics market 4.55 billion people will be using mobile phones by the year end 2014. Thus the penetration of mobile phones will increase from 61.1% to 69.4% between 2013 and 2017 (Abu-Tair Abu-Shanab, 2014). Already electronic gadgets have turned out to be in extensive use by people of all age groups, but in case of young generation electronic gadgets and technology has a substantial stake in their educational as well as social lives. They are exposed to various electronic gadgets or devices since childhood like video games, computer, Internet, cell phones and various other forms of technology(Nakel Naval, 2 015). Impact of Digital Tools on Humans In past few decades the relationship of human beings with information and communication technologies has turned out to be quite intimate .For example Smartphones have become an inseparable companion of humans with a huge list of apps , smart appliances , wearables which allows generation, storage as well as collection of large volumes of data regarding each and every aspect of life. There are large number of people who are using electronic gadgets or life hacks due to social, health related or economic reasons or just because of sheer curiosity and personal enjoyment (Sharon, 2016). The digital tools are impacting human ontologies because humans are adapting both the environment as well as themselves to the more and more complex ICTs. The new electronic devices with their advanced technologies are teaching or educating human beings as users. This kind of integration makes use of large envelopment of the physical world in which we live (Florida 2012). Envelopment which was regarded as a stand-alone phenomenon for example in case of a dishwasher it is a machine or gadget that is built around an enveloped microenvironment or the one which is being constrained by specific space for example a car factory where hundreds of robots work. However , there are several ubiquitous cell towers as well as Wi-Fi hotspots that have already enveloped and then transformed the physical environment, thus making our world more technology friendly where the ubiquitous smart devices are capable of gathering, transferring and then processing vast amount of data permanently (Hernandez- r amirez, 2017). Cognition is enabling a completely new class of products as well as services in order to reason, learn as well as sense about the users and the world in which they live. Thus electronic devices along with their technology allow continuous improvement as well as adaptation. They also help in augmentation of their capabilities so as to deliver various uses that were not previously imagined. This can be seen happening with medical devices, various appliances, cars as well as in case of toys. The Internet of Things (IoT) is helping in expanding the digital universe through its products and unique services by including the products and services with cognition (Kelly III, 2015). Thus there is seen a rise in the dependence on electronic gadgets which is casting negative impact on several talents for example mathematical intuitions. For example, it has been seen that the quality of handwriting of human beings has seen a decline due to heavy usage of computer keyboards. People have become highly dependent on cell phones instead of their personal memory to store the telephone numbers as well as various other information. Although these gadgets and devices prove to be very useful but they are simultaneously triggering an alarm because we humans are losing analytical capability as well as professional intuition. Human beings are becoming too much dependent on the various technologies applied in electronic devices that they are unable to perform simple tasks without the electronic gadgets or devices. Computers as well as other electronic gadgets are considered to be very wonderful tools which help humans in various walks of life, but they should never be considered as replacements for human creativity, thinking as well as human intelligence (Means Mubarak, 2012). Dependency and Impact of Electronic Gadgets on Children Large number of children is seen to be hooked to television, computers, tablets or mobile phones watching favourite shows or playing games instead of playing outdoors. In the past two decades the frequency of watching television has grown twice. This seriously impacts the health of children. Obesity is considered to be a major issue which is found gripping children who use more electronic gadgets. The reason being children now-a-days prefer to eat food as well in front of television or watching mobile phones. These kids avoid all kinds of physical activity and prefer spending their time with electronic gadgets. Thus a child who will be using more of electronic gadgets will be depending more on them and will not be using their skills and knowledge for their work (Deepak, 2016). Negative Effect of Electronic on Human Health Although technology has had positive effects on society but on the flip side it is casting severe negative impacts as well on human health Electronic gadgets pose serious possible risks as well as hazards to human health. It causes physical strains as excessive texting as well as swiping in case of smartphones and tablets results in inflated tendons, index fingers, as well as thumb joints. In case of electronic devices like tablets smartphones theres is excessive use of thumbs and index finger which results in pain in wrist, weakness of the grip over a prolonged usage of these devices. Excessive use of handheld devices like tables, cell phones or gaming consoles results in poor postures for example hunched back, rounded shoulders or forward head (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). The artificial light emitted by the mobile phones or tablets hinders the pineal glands and its stops producing melatonin , a hormone which stabilises the human bodys circadian rhythm or commonly known as 24-hour biological clock (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). Heavy use of electronic devices is usually found to be connected with increase in stress, depression in men and women as well as sleeping disorders. Sleep related issues are found more in people working in ICT industry as they have to work on computer intensively and have to communicate all through the day on mobile phone. In the same way handheld gizmos do act as entertainment tool, but they result in gaming addiction and it is not juts children but adults too become addicted to video games. This causes repetitive strain injuries and at the same time prolonged use causes sedentary lifestyle, which finally results in obesity. Moreover, some of the electronic devices or gadgets also emit radiations which might increase the risk of cance r. While some researchers believe that the radiations emitted from electronic gadgets kills neurons or weakens the immunity system (Greenlifetsyle, 2014). Electronic Device Addiction Electronic Device Addiction can be called as a kind of behavioural addiction in which man-made machines interactions are involved. With the advancement in technology there is seen diversification as well as accentuation towards being addicted to electronic gadgets (Susila et al., 2017) . This technology addition started with radios and then trickled down to television and has now reached the mobile phones. In this decade there has been huge evolution in the field of mobile phones , emerging as smart phones as well as they are incorporated with social media and is the leading addictive electronic gadget (Subba et al., 2013). Mobile phone addiction has been described by psycho analysts as award seeking behaviour. Mainly the young population is seen to be pre-occupied with electronic gadgets mainly the mobile phones (Griffiths, 2015). Television addiction started as it is the most accessible mass media for both literates as well as illiterates. But it is also the leading mass medium which helps in educating, entertaining, watching news and movies for the common people. With the launch of Smart TVs in late 2010s, that also have integrated internet function, the popularity of television has increased amongst the young generation again. Being addicted to electronic devices like television or mobile phones is considered to be a compulsive behaviour which is almost same as compulsive behaviour (Susila et al., 2017). Thus humans are getting addicted to electronic devices and this is leading type of behavioural addiction to be seen amongst them that needs to be investigated. Conclusion Technology is producing large number of electronic gadgets and devices to make our lives easier and better. The recently developed IT driven gadgets are very lucrative and fast catching the attention of current generation especially the youth and children . This leads to higher level of dependence of younger generation on these gadgets which results in electronic gadgets addiction amongst them. This is kind of behavioural addiction which brings about negative impacts as well as there can be neurological impairments. Using gadgets for a longer period of time also causes negative impacts on the health. There can be issues like headaches, depression, and anxiety. Tech-gadgets addiction also impacts the lifestyle of the people who are very much dependent on them and this might result in lifestyle diseases like obesity or diabetes. Thus it becomes all the more necessary to analyse the real time impact of growing dependency on electronic gadgets. Bibliography Abu-Tair, H. Abu-Shanab, E., 2014. Mobile Government Services: Challenges and Opportunities. International Journal of Technology Diffusion, 5(1), pp.17-25. Deepak, S., 2016. Addiction to gadgets increasing. The Hindu, 3 June. Emarketer, 2014. Smartphone Users Worldwide Will Total 1.75 Billion in 2014. [Online] Available at: https://www.emarketer.com/Article/Smartphone-UsersWorldwide-Will-Total-175-Billion-2014/1010536 [Accessed 6 October 2017]. Ewles, L., 2005. Key Topics in Public Health: Essential Briefings on Prevention and Health Promotion. Elsevier. Greenlifetsyle, 2014. THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF ELECTRONICS ON HUMAN HEALTH. greenlifestylemarket, 11 July. Griffiths, M.D., 2015. Internet addiction: Fact or fiction?. The Psychologist: Bulletin of the British Psychology Society, 12, pp.246-50. Hernandez- ramirez, R., 2017. Technologies of Self - How are digital tools affecting human ontologies. Lisbon, POrtugal: Faculty of Fine Arts , University of Lisbon. Kelly III, J.E., 2015. Computing, cognition and the future of knowing. IBM. Lee, D., 2005. Womens creation of camera phone Cultue. The Fibreculture Journal., (6). Means, R.S. Mubarak, S.A., 2012. How to Estimate with RSMeans Data: Basic Skills for Building Construction. John Wiley Sons. Nakel, M.P. Naval, S., 2015. Study of Impact and Dependency of Electronic Gadgets on Health Life Style of Students -A Comparative Study Among Youth Population in MGM Campus, Aurangabad. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 6(5), pp.2174-78. Sharon, T., 2016. Self-Tracking for Health and the Quantified Self : Rearticulating autonomy, solidarity and authenticiuty in an age of personalised helathcare. Philosphy Technology, 30(1). Subba, S., Mandelia, C., PataK, V. Reddy, D., 2013. Ringxiety and the Mobile Phone Usage Pattern among the Students of aMedical College in South India. Journal of Clinica and Diagnostic Research, 7(2), pp.205-09. Susila, T. et al., 2017. A cross sectional study on electronic device addiction among youth in an urban area, Chennai. Stanley Medical Journal, 4(1).